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Courses

Students must confirm their registration with their instructors by the second class meeting, or their registration may be canceled. All Common Core courses and some advanced courses have laboratories; in the following course descriptions, L indicates courses with a laboratory.

Common Core Sequences

Common Core biology courses are offered in sequences designed for students who wish to fulfill jointly the Common Core biological and physical sciences requirements (NatSci 101-106 and 151-156); for students who plan to concentrate in areas other than biological sciences (ten general Common Core sequences); and for students who plan to concentrate in biological sciences (the BioSci 170s, 180s, and 190s sequences).

The natural sciences sequences are described in the section on natural sciences elsewhere in this catalog.

The Common Core sequences for students who concentrate in areas other than biological sciences consist of three integrated courses covering cell and organismal biology, genetics, and ecology and evolution and share Common Core laboratories. Although Common Core courses vary somewhat with respect to specific subject matter and format, all sequences are broadly equivalent; sequence numbers do not indicate different levels of difficulty.

Sequences for biological sciences concentrators
consist of six courses that provide an overall introduction to the biological sciences for students with a strong interest in biology, including Introduction to Biochemistry (BioSci 200).

The BioSci 170s sequence (Philip Ulinski, coordinator) is intended for students who have good quantitative skills and are considering careers as research scientists in the biological sciences, the physical sciences, the social sciences such as anthropology or psychology, or careers as physicians. The first three courses (Introductory Biology I, II, and III) satisfy the Common Core requirement in biology. They introduce all of the major areas of biology, emphasizing topics that currently provide exciting research opportunities and are amenable to quantitative or physiochemical analysis. The fourth and fifth courses (Vertebrate Biology and Genes and Development) provide systematic treatments of structure/function relationships and development in animals. This sequence is intended for students with good quantitative skills. Students who anticipate applying to medical school but do not wish to concentrate in biology can obtain a solid foundation for medical school by completing this sequence, as well as a course in biochemistry. Laboratory exercises involve both data collection and mathematical and computer modeling of biological system. Emphasis is placed on developing oral and written communication skills.

The BioSci 180s and 190s sequences are broadly analogous to each other and share common laboratories. The BioSci 180s sequence (Michael LaBarbera, coordinator) consists of courses in cell biology, genetics, developmental biology, organismal biology and biodiversity, and evolutionary biology. The BioSci 190s sequence (Laurens Mets, coordinator) consists of courses in ecology, evolution, cell biology, genetics and developmental biology, and physiology. The 190s sequence has a prerequisite of chemistry.

Detailed descriptions of these sequences may be found on the World Wide Web <a href="http://www-upubs.uchicago.edu/catalog/catalog.html">by clicking here.

Advanced-level Courses

There are three types of advanced courses. General courses are courses in which instructors present the general principles and recent developments for broad areas within the biological sciences. Such courses are usually offered on a regular basis, either annually or biennially. Specialized courses either focus on a topic of particular interest to the instructor or examine topics at a more advanced level than in general courses. Such courses are offered less regularly, as warranted by student and faculty interest. Unless otherwise stated, most general and specialized biological sciences courses assume mastery of the material covered in the BioSci 170s, 180s, or 190s sequences. Courses on ethical and societal implications of the biological sciences are, as the name implies, of interest to all students in the College. Such courses generally either have no prerequisite or have any Common Core biology sequence as a prerequisite.

The following table is intended to aid students in planning programs of courses. Because of ongoing curricular improvements, course offerings may change from year to year. The letters in parentheses indicate 1996-97 courses that satisfy the developmental biology (d); organismal biology (o); and ecology, populations, and behavior (e) requirements of the concentration program.
 Autumn Quarter 171.    Winter Quarter 172.   Spring Quarter 173.    
    Introductory           Introductory       Introductory           
Biology: Pattern and    Biology: Structure    Biology: Dynamics of   
  Process. L. 174.       and Function. L.     Complex Systems. L.    
 Vertebrate Biology.      175. Genes and      183. Developmental     
  L. 181. Cell and     Development. L. 182.   Biology. L. 185.       
 Molecular Biology.      Genetics. L. 191.    Evolutionary           
 L. 184. Biological     Ecology, Genetics,    Biology. L. 192.       
    Diversity and        and Evolution. L.    Ecology, Genetics,     
 Organismal Biology.     194. Genetics. L.    and Evolution. L.      
  L. 193. Cell and      202. Microbiology:    195. Organismal        
 Molecular Biology.    Bacteria, Biosphere,   Physiology. L. 200.    
L. 200. Introduction     Biotechnology. L.    Introduction to        
 to Biochemistry. L.    207. Cell Biology.    Biochemistry. L.       
 207. Cell Biology.     209. Immunobiology.   203. Introduction to   
 208. Immunobiology.    L. 211. Systems and   Biophysics and         
 210. Developmental         Behavioral        Biophysical            
 Biopsychology. 216.     Neurobiology. L.     Chemistry. 212.        
    Experimental       218. Plant Genetics.   Cellular               
 Molecular Genetics.        221. Human        Neurobiology. L.       
  L. 217. Advanced         Developmental      213. Cellular          
  General Genetics.      Biology. (d) 222.    Neurobiology. 214.     
    228. Advanced       Human Genetics and    Developmental          
Fundamentals in Cell      Evolution. 223.     Neurobiology. 215.     
    Biology. 231.      Cancer Biology. 230.   Experimental           
 Nonlinear Dynamics     Ion Channels. 236.    Bacterial Genetics:    
for Neuroscience and       Evolution and      Genome Alignment in    
 Biopsychology. 232.   Paleobiology. L. Not   Rhodobacter. L. 226.   
 Mammalian Biology.      offered 1996-97.     Animal Developmental   
L. (o) 234. Chordate      240. Biology of     Biology. L. (d) 227.   
Biology. L. (o) 250.    Plants. L. (o) 241.   Animal Developmental   
    Evolutionary        Biology of Plants.    Biology. (d) 229.      
Ecology. L. (e) 251.   (o) 243. Physiology.   Plant Development      
     Ecological              (o) 246.         and Molecular          
   Application to          Introductory       Genetics. (d) 238.     
    Conservation         Paleontology. L.     Invertebrate           
  Biology. (e) 254.    247. Biomechanics of   Biology. L. (o) 239.   
 Systematic Biology.     Organisms. L. (o)    Microbiology. 252.     
     L. (e) 260.       Not offered 1996-97.   Field Ecology. L.      
Mammalian Evolution.        248. Animal       (e) 256.               
       L. (o)            Behavior. L. (e)     Fundamentals of        
                            249. Animal       Molecular Evolution.   
                        Behavior. (e) 255.    258.                   
                         Biogeography. (e)    Neuropharmacology.     
                          257. Darwinian      259. Molecular         
                             Medicine.        Biocomputing. L.       
                                              298. Undergraduate     
                                              Research Seminar.      

General Courses


199. Introduction to Research.
PQ: Consent of a faculty sponsor and the Undergraduate Research and Honors Committee. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. This course is graded P/F. May be elected for up to three quarters. This course cannot be used to fulfill any concentration requirement in the biological sciences. Staff. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring. L.

NOTE: Most general and specialized 200-level courses assume mastery of the material covered in the Biological Sciences 170s, 180s, or 190s sequences. Students who have not yet completed these sequences should consult with the individual instructor and the BSCD senior adviser before registering for any course that follows.


200. Introduction to Biochemistry.
PQ: Common Core biology, and Chem 217-218 or 220-221-222. This course fulfills the biochemistry requirement for the biological sciences concentration. The chemical nature of cellular components, enzymes, and mechanisms of enzyme activity, energy interconversions, and biosynthetic reactions, including template-dependent processes and some aspects of control mechanisms, are studied in this course. H. Friedmann. Autumn, Spring. L.

202. Microbiology: Bacteria, Biosphere, and Biotechnology.
This course is an introduction to the study of the smallest living cells, bacteria, and their roles in the environment, symbiosis, disease, and biotechnology. The emphasis is on the biosynthesis and action of macromolecules, the operation of cellular control circuits, the role of environmental sensing, and new insights into the importance of intercellular communication. The importance of natural and synthetic genetic engineering with regard to wider social issues such as antibiotic control of infectious disease and biotechnological applications of bacteria is discussed. J. Shapiro. Winter. L.

203. Introduction to Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry.
PQ: Chem 217-218 or 220-221, or consent of instructor. This is an introductory course emphasizing concepts of physical chemistry important in the interactions of biological macromolecules, with emphasis on dynamics and kinetics. The course focuses on basic aspects of secondary and tertiary structure, the origin and basis of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and dynamical properties of proteins. The importance of concepts of diffusion and transport in biological processes is also treated. Problem sets are coordinated with lectures. M. W. Makinen, R. Astumian. Spring.

207. Cell Biology.
PQ: BioSci 200 or equivalent. This course surveys gene organization and expression; functions of the cell nucleus, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic structures; and cell-cell interactions and signaling. E. Taylor, Autumn. J. Miller, Winter.

208. Immunobiology.
PQ: Chem 111-112-113, or equivalent, and Common Core biology. This course is identical to BioSci 209 except that it does not have a lab. Discussion section required. J. Quintans. Autumn.

209. Immunobiology.
PQ: Chem 111-112-113, or equivalent, and Common Core biology. This course presents an integrated coverage of the tactics and logistics of immune phenomena and conveys the elegance of the biological solutions evolved by multicellular organisms in their fights against infectious agents. Immune phenomena are presented as unique evolutionary adaptations of vertebrates operating in the context of ancillary defense mechanisms. The various types of countermeasures evolved by pathogens are also discussed, with particular emphasis on HIV and discussions on AIDS. Discussion section required. J. Quintans. Winter. L.

210. Developmental Biopsychology (=Biopsy 217, EvBiol 320, HumDev 320, Psych 217).
PQ: Psych 200 or Common Core biology. This course is an introduction to biological and physiological analysis of behavior and to principles of neural and endocrine integration. We use a developmental emphasis, with experimental and clinical literature. M. McClintock. Autumn.

211. Systems and Behavioral Neurobiology (=Biopsy 207).
PQ: Common Core biology and physics recommended. This course satisfies one of the requirements for the neuroscience specialization. This course is an introduction to the diverse levels of analysis of the nervous system. Topics covered include structure and organic development of the nervous system, basic cellular neurobiology, sensory transduction, organization of sensory systems including vision, hearing, and somatosensation, reflexes, organization of motor systems, cortical dynamics, memory, higher-order functions, hormonal control of behavior, and ontogeny of behavior. Students are introduced to a wide variety of experimental and modeling paradigms, including anatomical techniques, lesions, intracellular recordings, single site and multiple site extracellular recordings, and computational approaches. Comparative aspects of neurobiology are stressed, and both vertebrate and invertebrate neuroethological examples are developed. D. Margoliash. Winter. L.

212. Cellular Neurobiology.
PQ: Common Core biology and physics recommended. This course satisfies one of the requirements for the neuroscience specialization. Topics include cellular properties of neurons and glia (structure and function), molecular development, membrane potential, action potential, properties of voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels, mechanisms of synaptic transmission, and cellular mechanisms of sensory transduction. The lab focuses primarily on electrophysiological techniques used in analysis of issues fundamental to neural processing at the cellular level, including monitoring membrane potential, carrying out voltage clamp of native and cloned ion channels, and investigating control of synaptic transmission. D. Hanck. Spring. L.

213. Cellular Neurobiology.
PQ: Common Core biology and physics recommended. This course is identical to BioSci 212 except that it does not have a lab. D. Hanck. Spring.

214. Developmental Neurobiology (=Neurbi 314).
PQ: BioSci 211, or 212, and consent of instructor. This course examines the development of the vertebrate nervous system. We trace the development of the brain from the first induction of neural tissue in the embryo to the refinement of synaptic connections late in development by emerging brain activity. We discuss the new synthesis of classic experimental embryology with modern techniques of molecular biology that have led to several recent breakthroughs in our understanding of neural development. E. Grove, C. Ragsdale. Spring.

**CANCELLED** 215. Experimental Bacterial Genetics: Genome Alignment in Rhodobacter.
PQ: BioSci 200 and consent of instructor. This course satisfies two of the lab requirements (cell biology and genetics) for the biological sciences concentration. This course is intended to introduce students to current methods of investigating the molecular genetics of bacteria. Students construct cosmid and phage libraries, screen these libraries with DNA and RNA probes, and assemble and align extended regions of the chromosome of the bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. They use these methods to examine the process by which the bacterial genome undergoes evolutionary change. The approaches used in this course are widely used in eukaryotic genetics, such as in the identification of human disease genes and in the Human Genome Project. M. Fonstein. Spring. L. **CANCELLED**

216. Experimental Molecular Genetics.
PQ: BioSci 200, or equivalent, or consent of instructor. This course satisfies two of the lab requirements (cell biology and genetics) for the biological sciences concentration. This course is designed to introduce students to the practice of research in molecular biology and genetics. An actual research topic is chosen with an attempt to obtain original, perhaps publishable, research results. Students are encouraged to make original contributions, including--in addition to executing experiments--experimental design, library searches, computerized sequence analysis, and written descriptions. Students cooperate in carrying out different aspects of the project. Previous topics included the isolation of new reporter genes and the development of new cloning vectors. M. Casadaban. Autumn. L.

217. Advanced General Genetics.
PQ: Genetics at the level of BioSci 181, 194, or consent of instructor. This course involves application of molecular techniques to the study of mutation and recombination. We discuss DNA repair, induced mutation, gene conversion, mechanisms of recombination, transposable elements, chromosome aberrations, recombinant DNA, genome structure and the genome project, cancer genetics, mutation, recombination, and conversion in antibody formation. Computer programs for the analysis of DNA are also included. We read original papers from the literature. Discussion section required. B. Strauss. Autumn.

218. Plant Genetics.
PQ: Some knowledge of basic genetic principles. This course covers a number of topics of special interest that can be well illustrated with examples from plants, including transmission genetics, genetic variation, allozymes, molecular genetic variation, genome organization and gene numbers, genetics of race and species differences, cytogenetics, polyploidy, translocation systems, asexual reproduction, mutation, genetic load, somaclonal variation, developmental genetics, heterosis, sex determination, self-incompatibility, cytoplasmic inheritance (chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes), male sterility, transposable elements, disease and pest resistance, and genetic engineering. D. Charlesworth. Winter.

221. Human Developmental Biology.
PQ: Some knowledge of physics, chemistry, and organismal biology. This course fulfills the developmental biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course examines the physiologic, cellular, and biochemical functions of a series of organs and systems in their transition from fetal to newborn life in the human and the implications of these changes for successful adaptation to independent life. Examples of failures of adaptation and disease states are presented and discussed. The organs and systems covered are brain, lung, heart, liver, immune system, blood-forming system, intestine, endocrine organs, and kidney. L. Gartner, Staff. Winter.

222. Human Genetics and Evolution.
This course explores normal genetic variations and genetic bases of human disease with an emphasis on the molecular level. The five major areas covered are genome organization, the molecular evolution of man, population genetic theories, genetic mapping, and the molecular basis of physiological mechanisms and diseases. C. Wu, C. Ober. Winter.

223. Cancer Biology.
This course covers the fundamentals of cancer biology but focuses on the story of how scientists identified the genes that cause cancer. Emphasis is on "doing" science rather than "done" science: how do scientists think, how do they design experiments, where do these ideas come from, what can go wrong, what it's like when things go right. M. Rosner. Winter.

226. Animal Developmental Biology.
This course fulfills the developmental biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course studies developmental processes. Underlying mechanisms are illuminated through discussion of key experiments. The emphasis is on differentiation at different levels of development. Examples of developmental programs come from both invertebrate and vertebrate embryology. Subjects include pattern formation in the embryo, morphogenesis, cell and tissue interactions, and the control of gene expression in development. E. Ferguson, Staff. Spring. L.

227. Animal Developmental Biology.
This course fulfills the developmental biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course is identical to BioSci 226 except that it does not have a lab. E. Ferguson, Staff. Spring.

228. Advanced Fundamentals in Cell Biology (=Genet 308, MG/CB 308).
PQ: BioSci 200 and 207. This course focuses on fundamental concepts in cell biology at the advanced level. Its goal is to provide a molecular and biochemical understanding of current problems under investigation in cell biology. Lectures are developed around the primary research literature and supplemented with textbook readings. Topics include chromosome structure, cell cycle control, mitosis/meiosis, protein synthesis, protein targeting, biogenesis of organelles, cytoskeletal architecture, cell-cell interactions, and signal transduction pathways. G. Lamppa, R. Dubreuil. Autumn.

229. Plant Development and Molecular Genetics (=DevBio 329, Ec-Ev 329, EvBiol 329, MG/CB 361).
PQ: Common Core biology. This course fulfills the developmental biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course describes the growth, differentiation, and development of plants at the organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory function of plant hormones, particularly in response to environmental stimuli and in control of gene expression. Recent advances using molecular genetic approaches in Arabidopsis and maize are a central feature of the course. M. Ruddat, B. Keith. Spring.

230. Ion Channels (=PhaPhys 332).
PQ: BioSci 212, 213, and consent of instructor. This course deals with the biological roles and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. Topics include permeation, gating, and interactions with pharmacological ligands. It focuses on biophysical methods through a consideration of classical papers, as well as readings in recent literature that use molecular techniques to probe basic channel properties. D. Nelson, D. Hanck, H. Fozzard. Winter.

231. Nonlinear Dynamics for Neuroscience and Biopsychology.
PQ: Calculus. Following development of key concepts in linear differential equations, this course focuses on the nonlinear dynamics most relevant to neural networks and action potential generation. Mathematical topics include multiple steady states, hysteresis, bifurcation theory, limit cycles, and frequency entrainment. These are applied to analysis of neural networks for short term memory, decision making, calculation of vector sums, and the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Students are required to simulate and analyze a neural problem related to their interests. H. Wilson. Autumn.

232. Mammalian Biology.
PQ: Common Core biology. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course covers the structure and function of major organ systems of the typical mammal, with dissection, histological material, and lectures correlating function with gross and microscopic structure. There is also some focus on the organ systems of man. L. Straus, F. Straus. Autumn. L.

234. Chordate Biology.
PQ: Common Core biology. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This is a general consideration of the structure, evolution, phylogeny, and life history of vertebrates, with emphasis on comparative morphology and structural and functional evolution. J. Hopson. Autumn. L.

236. Evolution and Paleobiology.
PQ: General biology. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. Contemporary themes in evolution and paleobiology are presented in an interactive class format. Topics include the evolution of evolutionary thinking, recent models showing how evolution works, the great extinction controversy (climate, volcanoes, and asteroids), the nuts and bolts of reconstructing an evolutionary tree, and whether or not ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. The lab provides basic background in paleontology and geology in preparation for an optional field trip during spring break to the Badlands of Big Bend National Park in southern Texas. Paleontologic topics include major events in the fossil record and dinosaur anatomy. Geologic topics include mineral and rock identification, stratigraphic principles, and the geology of Big Bend National Park. P. Sereno. Winter. L. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

238. Introduction to Invertebrate Biology.
PQ: Common Core biology or consent of instructor. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This is a survey of the diversity, structure, and evolution of the invertebrate phyla, with emphasis on the major living and fossil invertebrate groups. Structure-function relationships and the influence of body plans on the evolutionary history of the invertebrate phyla are stressed. M. LaBarbera. Spring. L.

239. Microbiology.
PQ: 200-level course in cell biology or genetics. This course is an introduction to microbial structure and function, with an emphasis both on unique features and on those shared with eukaryotic forms. R. Haselkorn. Spring.

240. Biology and Evolution of Plants.
PQ: Common Core biology. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. The lectures address the diversity in morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and evolutionary trends, beginning with cyanobacteria and progressing to flowering plants. The unifying aspects of cell structure and function are emphasized, along with the basic physiological and molecular mechanisms in plants. The lab is correlated with the lectures to examine representatives of the major taxonomic plant groups and basic physiological techniques. M. Ruddat. Winter. L.

241. Biology and Evolution of Plants.
PQ: Common Core biology. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course is identical to BioSci 240 except that it does not have a lab. M. Ruddat. Winter.

243. Physiology.
This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course is an intensive introduction to the mechanisms that operate in living organisms at all levels, ranging from the subcellular to the whole organism, to support organismal function. The course considers (1) molecular aspects of physiology (e.g., membrane function, channels, and receptors); (2) the neural and hormonal mechanisms that coordinate function; (3) muscle function and its regulation; and (4) the regulation of respiratory gas transport, temperature, water, and ions. M. Feder. Winter.

246. Introductory Paleontology (=GeoSci 223).
PQ: PQ: GeoSci 131-132; or PhySci 108-109-110; or BioSci 195 and 198; or consent of instructor. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. The focus of the course is on the nature of the fossil record, the information it provides on patterns and processes of evolution through geologic time, and how it can be used to solve geological and biological problems. Lectures cover the principles of paleontology (including fossilization, classification, morphologic analysis and interpretation, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and macroevolution); labs are systematic, introducing major groups of fossil invertebrates. M. Foote. Winter. L.

247. Biomechanics of Organisms (=OrB/An 346).
PQ: Common Core biology; college chemistry and physics; calculus recommended. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course examines how organisms cope with their physical environment, covering the properties of biological materials (bone, cartilage, tendon, shell, wood, cuticle, etc.), mechanical analysis of morphology, and principles of design optimization. Emphasis is placed on support systems of organisms but also examines aspects of cardiovascular design. Mechanical properties of biomaterials are analyzed in relation to their underlying biochemical organization and biophysical properties, with mathematical treatment at an introductory level. The lab research project is optional. A. Biewener. Winter. L. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

248. Animal Behavior.
PQ: Common Core biology. This course fulfills the ecology, populations, and behavior requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course is an introduction to topics in animal behavior from the perspectives of behavioral evolution and of physiological mechanisms that underlie behavior. The focus is on nonhuman species. Topics include the genetic basis of behavior, communication, hormonal influences, mating systems and sexual selection, and social context of behavior. A major emphasis is placed on understanding and evaluating scientific studies. The lab considers basic elements of experimental design, methods for observing and quantifying behavior, and simple statistical analyses; trips to Brookfield Zoo and the Shedd Aquarium are part of the lab. L. Houck. Winter. L.

249. Animal Behavior.
PQ: Common Core biology. This course fulfills the ecology, populations, and behavior requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course is identical to BioSci 248 except that it does not have a lab. L. Houck. Winter.

250. Evolutionary Ecology (=EnvStd 250).
PQ: BioSci 184, 191, 193, 195, or consent of the instructor. This course fulfills the ecology, populations, and behavior requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This class is an evolutionary approach to the study of ecological interactions. Topics include plant-animal interactions, life history evolution, host-parasite and host-mutualist interactions, competition, and predation. Weekly labs stress experimental methods and exploration of current literature. Weekly discussion section required. E. Simms. Autumn. L.

251. Ecological Applications to Conservation Biology (=Ec-Ev 313, EnvStd 251).
PQ: Common Core biology. or consent of the instructors. This course fulfills the ecology, population, and behavior requirement for the biological sciences concentration. We focus on the contribution of ecological theory to understanding current issues in conservation biology. The course emphasizes quantitative methods and their use for applied problems in ecology, such as the design of natural reserves, the risk of extinction, the impact of harvesting, the dynamics of species invasions, and the role of species interactions. Course material is drawn mostly from the current primary literature. In addition to lectures, students participate in two Saturday field trips and computer modeling labs. J. Bergelson, C. Pfister. Autumn. L.

252. Field Ecology.
PQ: Consent of instructor. This course fulfills the ecology, populations, and behavior requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course is an introduction to habitats and biomes in North America and the methods of organizing and carrying out field research projects in ecology and behavior, focusing on questions of evolutionary significance. The course consists of a two-week field trip to the southwestern United States during the winter/spring quarter break. Work during the field trip consists of informal lectures and discussions, individual study, and group research projects. During the spring quarter there are lectures on the ecology of the areas visited and on techniques and methods of field research. This course is designed for students with a serious commitment to pursuing graduate research. S. Pruett-Jones. Spring. L.

254. Systematic Biology (=EvBiol 354).
PQ: Common Core biology and knowledge of algebra. This course fulfills the ecology, populations, and behavior requirement for the biological sciences concentration. Systematic biology encompasses such activities as discovering and classifying biological diversity, estimating the phylogenetic relationships among species or larger lineages, and estimating evolutionary processes. From the standpoint of the three schools of systematic biology (evolutionary, phenetic, and phylogenetic), the course explores carefully the concepts of homology, species, and higher taxa. We consider the central role of systematic biology in the biological sciences and use systematic hypotheses to test theories about evolutionary or biological processes. B. Chernoff. Autumn. L.

255. Biogeography (=EvBiol 455, Geog 255/355).
PQ: Common Core biology or consent of instructor. This course fulfills the ecology, populations, and behavior requirement for the biological sciences concentration. This course examines factors governing the distribution and abundance of animals and plants. Topics include patterns and processes in historical biogeography, island biogeography, geographical ecology, areography, and conservation biology (e.g., the design and effectiveness of nature reserves). Staff. Winter.

256. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution.
PQ: Calculus or consent of instructor. The comparative analysis of DNA sequence variation has become an important tool in molecular biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology. This course covers major theories that form the foundation for understanding evolutionary forces governing molecular variation and divergence and genome organization. It explores the evolutionary assembly of genes, the origin of novel gene function, the population genetics of repetitive DNA variation, and the evolution of multigene families. The course also provides practical information on accessing genome databases, searching for homologous sequences, aligning DNA and protein sequences, calculating sequence divergence, producing sequence phylogenies, and estimating evolutionary parameters. M. Kreitman, T. Nagylaki. Spring.

257. Darwinian Medicine.
This course discusses human health and disease in an evolutionary perspective with a focus on how principles from evolutionary biology, ecology, and genetics can increase our understanding of the physiological mechanisms and populational processes that affect the maintenance of health and origin of disease. Topics include host-parasite interactions; the evolution of virulence; the ecology of emerging diseases, including AIDS; conflict between good of the individual and society, the social context of disease; immunological and allergic diseases; and metabolic and nutritional disorders. R. Perlman, J. Quintans, M. Wade. Winter.

258. Neuropharmacology.
PQ: BioSci 200 or equivalent. This course explores the biochemical basis of neuropharmacology using the textbook of the same name by Cooper, Bloom, and Roth. Cellular and molecular foundations are explored through topics including neurotransmitter systems, synaptic transmission, and centrally-active agonist and antagonist drugs. Some original research papers are read along with the textbook material. P. Hoffmann. Spring.

259. Molecular Biocomputing.
PQ: Common Core biology and some knowledge of molecular biology concepts and principles. This course introduces students to the various facets of using computers to augment research in molecular biology. Topics covered include the use of the Internet to enhance communication, collaboration, and research; DNA and protein sequence analysis; database design, access, and usage; and the use of visualization tools to augment discovery in structural biology. This is a hands-on course with a significant lab component. J. Kruper. Spring. L.

260. Mammal Evolution (=EvBiol 311).
PQ: Common Core biology or consent of instructor. This course fulfills the organismal biology requirement for biological sciences concentration. This course is an introduction to the major features of mammalian evolution. It surveys major groups of mammals, including both living and fossil taxa. We focus on phylogeny, morphology, biogeography, and patterns of diversification and extinction, using illustrations from the Field Museum's world-class collections of fossil and living mammals. Transportation to and from the museum is arranged as needed. J. Flynn. Autumn. L.

261. Animal Cells and Their Viruses (=Genet 346, MG/CB 346, Virol 346).
PQ: BioSci 200 or equivalent. B. Roizman.

276. Muscle Physiology and Function.
L. Ford.

**CANCELLED** 281. Searching Bibliographic Databases.
Spring. **CANCELLED**

297. Readings in Biology.
PQ: Consent of faculty sponsor. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. This is a tutorial offering individually designed readings. Students may take only one unit of BioSci 297 per quarter and must register by the end of the second week. This course is graded P/N and may not be used to satisfy an area requirement in advanced-level biology or as a substitute for one of the quarter courses in a Common Core biological sciences sequence. Staff. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

298. Undergraduate Research Seminar.
PQ: BioSci 299. This seminar course is required of all graduating students who have taken BioSci 299 during the academic year and who plan to graduate with honors in the biological sciences and is open without credit to students who have taken BioSci 199. The poster session is held in early May. This course is graded P/F and may not be used to satisfy an area requirement in advanced-level biology or as a substitute for one of the quarter courses in a Common Core biology sequence. Staff. Spring.

299. Advanced Research in the Biological Sciences.
PQ: Consent of faculty sponsor and the Undergraduate Research and Honors Committee. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form and the Supplementary Information Form. Advanced, individually guided research for undergraduate biology concentrators. Students submit a written report covering their research activities to the chairman of the Undergraduate Research and Honors Committee. As registrants in BioSci 299, they are required to participate in a biweekly senior honors forum beginning in autumn quarter and to register for BioSci 298 (Undergraduate Research and Seminar) in the spring quarter of their senior year. Both courses are graded P/F and may not be used to satisfy an area requirement in advanced-level biology or as a substitute for one of the quarter courses in a Common Core biology sequence. Staff. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring. L.

Specialized Courses

261. Viruses of Eukaryotes.
PQ: Consent of instructor. This course is concerned with various aspects of the molecular biology of viruses of animal cells, including viruses that afflict man. Special emphasis is given to recent developments in the field related to viral nucleic acid replication, controls of viral gene expression, use of viruses as cloning vectors to amplify specific cellular genes, and the contribution of virus research to our understanding of mechanisms underlying eukaryotic gene expression. The course attempts to develop experimental thinking and knowledge of experimental approaches currently in use in related fields in molecular biology and cell biology. B. Roizman. Spring.

262. Electron Microscopy and Image Processing in Structural Biology (=MG/CB 310).
PQ: One year of calculus. Electron microscopy is an important tool for studying the structure of biological macromolecular assemblies. Much information inherent in an electron micrograph is accessible only after the micrograph is subjected to a computer analysis of its periodic features. This course deals with the principles involved in processing electron microscope images, including the underlying analytical methods and their computer implementation. Students have an opportunity to use computers to analyze various periodic structures and to become acquainted with the various graphics systems used in image analysis. R. Josephs. Spring.

263. Introduction to Medical Physics.
PQ: Two years of college physics. This course covers basic radiation physics, including interactions with matter, dosimetry, and radiobiology. Topics in medical imaging include x-ray imaging with both analog screen/film and digital recording acquisition systems, and radionuclide imaging. Coverage of advanced technologies that provide three-dimensional images include x-ray computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultrasound imaging therapy, and depth dose calculations and treatment planning for radiation therapy is also discussed. M. Giger, F. Kuchnir, R. Beck. Spring.

264. Endocrinology.
PQ: Common Core biology or consent of instructor. A general introduction to the study of hormones and the homeostatic interaction of organ systems mediated by hormones. J. Jarabak. Winter.

265. The Biology of Toxoplasma (=Immun 365).
This course undertakes a study of Toxoplasma gondii and toxoplasmosis: a model system to study the cellular and molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics of an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite; the immune responses it elicits; and the pathogenesis of the diseases it causes. This information is also applied to consideration of public health measures for prevention of infection, for vaccines, and for development of new antimicrobial therapy. General principles applicable to the study of other microorganisms are emphasized. This course is suitable for undergraduates with a good background in biology and molecular genetics, as well as for graduate and medical students and postdoctoral fellows in immunology and infectious diseases. R. McLeod. Spring.

268. Neuropsychopharmacology (=Neurbi 327, PhaPhy 327, Psych 327).
PQ: BioSci 200 or BchMB 301, or consent of instructor. This course entails a study of the effects of pharmacological agents on behavior with emphasis on physiological and biochemical mechanisms. L. Seiden, H. De Wit, P. Vezina. Autumn. L.

269. Perspectives on Imaging.
PQ: Open to third- and fourth-year students with consent of instructor. The course focuses on the evolution and history of the production and dissemination of knowledge by visual means, from the perspectives of imaging science and the visual arts, leading to the convergence of the visual and verbal modes in multimedia technologies. R. Beck, B. Stafford. Winter.

270. The Conquest of Pain.
PQ: Organic chemistry or biochemistry; neurobiology or physiology recommended. This course examines the biology of pain and the mechanisms by which anesthetics alter the perception of pain. The approach is to examine the anatomy of pain pathways both centrally and peripherally, and to define electrophysiological, biophysical, and biochemical explanations underlying the action of general and local anesthetics. The role of opiates and enkephalins is discussed in detail. Central theories of anesthesia, including the relevance of sleep proteins, are also examined. Additionally, mechanistic discussions of acupuncture and cutaneous nerve stimulation are included. J. Moss. Spring.

272. Diet and Behavior.
PQ: Common Core biology sequence. Students must attend the first class to confirm enrollment. No exceptions. Behavioral factors influence food selection and eating patterns, thus playing a key role in the process of facilitating dietary change. Disorders of eating may frequently be associated with changes in mood. This course utilizes weekly didactic sessions and the ambulatory clinical nutrition setting to examine topics in diet and behavior. In addition, case studies are utilized extensively to help explore pertinent issues. Since the subject matter is complex and extensive, students are required to review a large body of literature. M. H. Maskay, Staff. Autumn.

273. Evolutionary Processes (=CFS 348, Ec-Ev 310, EvBiol 310).
PQ: Consent of instructor. Examination of evolutionary aspects of ecology, genetics, biochemistry, paleontology, development, philosophy, and related subjects through readings, essays, and discussions. L. Van Valen. Winter.

274. Introduction to Epidemiology.
PQ: Math 102, 106, or placement into Math 131 or higher; third- or fourth-year standing. This course discusses the distribution of disease in human populations, and the causes and correlates of disease. The focus is on toxic agents in the environment. The most commonly used types of epidemiologic study designs and the numbers most often used to describe relationships between exposures (such as smoking) and outcomes (such as lung cancer) are introduced. The course emphasizes how to use knowledge of the study design and results to determine if an association between an exposure and an outcome is valid and, if so, if it is cause-and-effect. A. Toledano, J. Bailar. Winter.

275. Introduction to Psychiatry.
PQ: Common Core biology. This course surveys fundamental aspects of the treatment, assessment, diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis of common psychiatric disorders. Emphasis is placed on the integration of epidemiologic, biological, psychological, and social perspectives in understanding and intervening in these disorders. Topics include principles of assessment and diagnosis, reviews of major psychiatric syndromes, and treatment modalities. This course includes the historical and cultural context in which the practice of psychiatry takes place. We emphasize the history of concepts and institutions. S. Gilman. Winter.

276. Muscle Physiology and Function (=Med 510).
PQ: Knowledge of physical concepts required; elementary knowledge of chemistry and biology helpful; third- or fourth-year standing. This course considers muscle architecture, muscle structure, mechanisms of contraction, mechanochemical energy transduction, mechanisms of muscle activation, cardiac mechanics, animal locomotion, and optimization of locomotive parameters for athletics. L. Ford. Autumn.

278. Molecular Physiology.
PQ: BioSci 242, 243, or consent of instructor. This course examines insights yielded by the utilization of molecular techniques in physiological investigations. R. Zak. Staff.

**CANCELLED** 281. Searching Bibliographic Databases (=HiPSS 221). Computer databases of indexes, abstracts, citations, and text provide indispensable routes of intellectual access to the world of knowledge. We focus on search strategy development, the organization and structure of databases and index languages, and techniques for evaluating search results. The interplay of human judgment with computer procedures is analyzed throughout, particularly in comparing subject, text, and citation searching. Using campus computers and the Internet, students search local and remote databases for references in journal articles related to a variety of assigned problems in the medical, biological, and environmental sciences and individually chosen problems that may be in any discipline. D. Swanson. Autumn, Spring. **CANCELLED **

Courses on the Ethical and Societal Implications of the Biological Sciences

282. Laboratory Fundamentals in Clinical Research.
PQ: Common Core biology. This unique, new course has been designed to provide students in different stages of education and career development with the background necessary to plan, manage, and communicate within the world of clinical research. The course introduces students to the basics of the clinical lab and includes the tools, techniques, and skills required to assist in clinical human research protocols. Topics emphasized are lab safety, instrumentation, quality control and assurance, immunological assays, DNA preparation, and the ethics and logistics of research protocol development. The course consists of labs, informal lectures, and open discussion. S. Patel. Winter.

283. Disease (=Pathol 313).
Intended for both science and nonscience concentrators, this course examines disease as a contextual and historical entity in the writings of several novelists and philosophers. S. Meredith. Spring.

** CANCELLED **285. Biological Approach to the Problem of Knowledge: Kant's Theory of Cognition (=HiPSS 285).
PQ: Common Core biology. This course is about human cognition, how the mind works in furnishing the kind of experience and knowledge which human beings have. It is about sensation and thought, consciousness and awareness of self, and, most importantly, about the reflections of Immanuel Kant on these matters. During the quarter, we acquire, stepwise, a grasp of Kantian theory by a close reading of the text of the Critique of Pure Reason, together with a few landmarks from the related scientific literature subsequent to Kant's time. S. Schulman. Autumn, Spring. ** CANCELLED **

286. Foundation of Gender and Gender Differences (=NCD 228, Psych 219).
This course examines issues fundamental to an understanding of sex, sex differences, and gender differences. The course begins by considering the significance of the evolution of sexually reproducing species and by studying mechanisms of normal and abnormal early embryonic sexual development. The relative influence of innate (or "primarily biological") and learned (or "primarily environmental") factors is discussed. The different reproductive roles of males and females in various species are examined to relate sexual dimorphism, mating strategies, and life cycle differences. This is a seminar course involving faculty from different departments. M. Moscona, M. McClintock. Spring.

290. Context of Medicine I (=Peds 342, PubPol 481, SSA 497).
PQ: Consent of instructor. NOTE: This course ends in the spring quarter. Students receive a grade of Incomplete for the winter quarter and a course grade at the end of the spring quarter. The course considers the multiple influences on medicine and health care in the United States. It examines the roles of patients, physicians, and other health care professionals and institutions from historical, sociologic, economic, and interactional perspectives. Students participate in field experiences in hospitals and other settings to sharpen their skills as observers and data gatherers, and to have direct insight into the context of medicine. A. Kohrman, C. Kohrman. Winter.

291. Science and Ethics (=NCD 218).
This course explores scientific and ethical underpinnings of the biological sciences. Scientifically speaking, what are the essential characteristics of biology and what distinguishes it from other intellectual endeavors? Where does biology stand with respect to such disciplines as anthropology, philosophy, and physics, and is there potential for genuine conversation between them? In regard to ethics, what are the implications for the ordering of human affairs of ongoing biological research, particularly in the areas of genetics, mortality, and the nature of mind? In what way(s) might the growth of biological knowledge in these areas enrich human life? We explore these questions through a combination of scientific and ethical readings. R. Gunderman. Spring.

292. Medical Odysseys.
PQ: Consent of instructor. Physicians and patients have new moral responsibilities due to changes in medical technology, economics, and public policy. Both physicians and patients must frame responses to the moral dilemmas of modern medicine: truth; conflict of interest; disparities in knowledge and power; allocation of scarce resources; and the meaning of life, disease, and death. This course studies works that present these and other dilemmas through the immediacy of lived personal experiences, as documented in books of medical autobiography, essays, and poems. J. Lantos, A. Goldblatt. Winter.

296. The New Genetics and Health Care.
PQ: Consent of instructor. This course addresses issues raised by research in genetics and examines the implications of alternative solutions. Topics considered are the goals, methods, and achievements of the Human Genome Project; examples of genetic conditions about which information is being or will be generated; implications of genetics for concepts of disease and health; cultural, ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic differences in genetic research and its applications; ethical and legal issues related to genetic tests and screening; genetic counseling and medical models of the clinician-patient interaction; ethical and policy dimensions of genetic disabilities; and scientific, clinical, ethical, and legal aspects of gene theory. M. Mahowald, M. Verp. Autumn.

Graduate-level Courses

Many graduate-level courses in the Division of the Biological Sciences are open to qualified College students. Students should consult their advisers, the BSCD office, or the various departments and committees in the division to identify appropriate courses.

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