201/401. The Inca and Aztec States. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course is an intensive examination of the origins, structure, and meaning of two native states of the ancient Americas: the Inca and the Aztec. Lectures are framed around an examination of theories of state genesis, function, and transformation, with special reference to the economic, institutional, and symbolic bases of indigenous state development. The seminar is broadly comparative in perspective and considers the structural significance of institutional features that are either common to or unique expressions of these two Native American states. A. Kolata. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

208. Introduction to Prehistory. Class limited to twenty-five students. This course offers a critical overview of the methods and data available for reconstructing the prehistoric past, followed by a comprehensive account of cultural evolution from the initial emergence of human beings (broadly defined) four million or more years ago through the origins of civilization within the last few thousands of years. Staff. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

211. Classical Readings in Anthropology: Myth and Ritual. Some of the most durable concerns of cultural anthropology were shaped in the early literature dealing with the relationship between myths and rites. Authors considered include E. B. Tylor, W. Robertson Smith, J. G. Frazer, Emile Durkheim, Marcel Mauss, and Henri Hubert. R. Nicholas. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

211/360. Classical Readings in Anthropology: History of Archaeological Theory (=HiPSS 235). PQ: Consent of instructor. This is a survey of the development of prehistoric archaeology from its inception to the present day. Special attention is paid to the development of theory. L. Freeman, R. Fogelson. Winter.

211/447. Classical Readings in Anthropology: Marx--A Critical Overview of His Thought (=SocSci 285). A reading and interpretation of Marx's principal writings, emphasizing both the continuities and the changes from his earlier to his later works, with attention given to contemporary developments and controversies in Marxian scholarship. T. Turner. Spring.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: Eastern Europe. Close study of an ethnographic region. Explores the current dramatic transformations in Eastern Europe after the Cold War, the meanings of nationalism in the region, everyday life under state socialism, how and why the "fall of Communism" occurred, current transnational migrations, the situation of ethnic and linguistic minorities, and the role of intellectuals in political life. S. Gal. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: Iroquois. This course offers an overview of Iroquois culture from its prehistoric backgrounds to the modern day. In addition to studying the basic data of Iroquois ethnology, the course examines how Europeans and anthropologists have viewed the Iroquois as well as how the Iroquois view themselves and others. R. Fogelson. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: Belief and Symbol in Early Christian Spain. PQ: Reading knowledge of Spanish or medieval Latin helpful. An exploration of the history and meaning of symbolism in early Christian churches, concentrating on the rural Romanesque. The course examines the literary and pictorial sources of graphic symbolism and its larger cultural context, explores the significance of regional and hierarchical differences, studies the relationship between iconography and the advancing frontier of the Reconquest, and discusses new techniques for the analysis of relationships between symbols and the organization of symbol sequences and their significance. L. Freeman. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: The Brazilian Amazon. This course deals with the Amazon and sustainable development. It focuses on international and Brazilian policies for the Amazon and on the involvement of traditional peoples in environmental issues. Special attention is given to extractive reserves. M. Carneiro da Cunha. Autumn.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: South Asia. R. Nicholas. Winter.

212/321. Intensive Study of a Culture: Hindu (=SocSci 256). PQ: Third-year standing. May be taken for either 100 or 200 units of credit. India's peasants and natural philosophers (astrologers, physicians, moralists) commonly assume that people are made of ether, air, fire, water, and earth and that they therefore seek esoteric knowledge, advantage, attachment, coherence, release, and the contraries of these. Students experiment with these assumptions through a simulation game, testing its results against ethnographies of actual Indian institutions and behavior, aiming to design a Hindu social science capable of constructing such a world. M. Marriott. Autumn.

212/323. Intensive Study of a Culture/Ethnopsychology: Japan (=SocSci 260). PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. A Japanese social psychology contrasting with the Western is developed from Japanese perceptions of human affairs as defined by containers and energies. This science is then applied to specimens of Japanese behavior presented in ethnography, literature, and film. M. Marriott. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

212/333. Intensive Study of a Culture: The Kayapo of Central Brazil. The Kayapo are notorious for their successful resistance to Brazilian and internationally financed invasion and development of their territory. One of the main foci of this course is their resistance and accommodation to the shifting challenges of interethnic coexistence and the social and cultural transformations this has involved. The course examines Kayapo videos, as well as ethnographic films by non-Kayapo. The course also considers the internal dynamics of Kayapo society, including kinship, gender and generational relations, the body and personal identity, social values, political hierarchy and institutions, the organization of social production, ritual, myth, and cosmology. T. Turner. Winter.

212/336. Intensive Study of a Culture: The Tswana, Past and Present (=AfAfAm 205). This course describes and analyzes the sociocultural order of an African people during the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. J. Comaroff. Spring.

212/406. Intensive Study of a Culture: Yoruba (=AfAfAm 204). This course is a rigorous survey of kinship, politics, economics, and religion among the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria, with special emphasis on ritual, gender, and colonialism. A. Apter. Autumn.

213. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Shamanism. The venerable topic of shamanism is explored in its original Siberian manifestations, North American variations, and extensions into Central and South America and elsewhere. The New Age and not-so-New Age interest in shamanism is also considered. R. Fogelson. Spring.

213. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Myth and Ritual. Contemporary approaches to the interpretations of myths and of rituals and of the relations between them. Authors considered include Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, Kluckhohn, Douglas, Evans-Pritchard, Geertz, Leach, Lévi-Strauss, and Turner. R. Nicholas. Autumn.

213. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Sexism and Racism in Evolutionary Anthropology. This seminar discusses Donna Haraway's Primate Visions and the roots of "scientific" racism, sexism, and elitism in evolutionary anthropology as evidenced in writings of Darwin, Huxley, Haeckel, Keith, Osborn, Hooton, Dart, Washburn, Coon, Dobzhansky, Yerkes, and Gould. The second half of the term treats works by female primatologists and animal rights advocates. R. Tuttle. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

213/303. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Gender Theory and Anthropology. This course examines gender as a cultural category in anthropological theory, as well as in everyday life. After reviewing the historical sources of the current concern with women, gender, and sexuality in anthropology and the other social sciences, we critically explore some key controversies, such as the relationship between production and reproduction in different sociocultural orders; the links between "public" and "private" in current theories of politics; the construction of sexualities, nationalities, and citizenship; and women and gender in postcolonial discourse. S. Gal. Winter.

213/323. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Ethnopsychologies of Two Cultures (=SocSci 257). PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. From modern ethnographies of two cultures where Western concepts are inappropriate, the course develops alternative theories of psychological categories and relationships. M. Marriott. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

213/361. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Hunters and Gatherers. The historical and theoretical significance of hunting and gathering societies in general is reviewed, followed by a selected survey of hunting and gathering peoples from the ethnographic literature. L. Freeman, R. Fogelson. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

213/453. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Explorations in Oral Narrative--The Folk Tale. Class limited to thirty-five students. This course studies the role of storytelling and narrativity in society and culture: comparison of folk tale traditions; the shift from oral to literate traditions and the impact of writing; the principal schools of analysis of narrative structure and function; and the place of narrative in the disciplines--law, psychoanalysis, politics, history, philosophy, and anthropology. Story performance and contemporary storytelling in America are considered. J. Fernandez. Autumn.

214. The Practice of Anthropology. Class limited to twenty students. This course examines an intellectual biography of a selected significant figure (or figures) in the history of anthropology and studies his (her, their) writings, context, and influence as a specimen of the historical sociology of anthropological knowledge. Alternatively, the course may focus on a particular problem or theme of anthropological inquiry, to the same end. There are readings, discussions, and lectures. G. Stocking. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

214/310. The Practice of Anthropology: Ethnography and Cultural Commodities in Today's World. Class limited to twenty students. This course deals with aspects of contemporary ethnography, particularly with problems raised by dealing with "cultural property." It discusses some shifts in the anthropological fields and fieldwork, the dimensions of culture as a product and a commodity and the issue of intellectual property rights for indigenous peoples. M. Carneiro da Cunha. Spring.

214/335. The Practice of Anthropology: Lévi-Strauss. Class limited to twenty students. This course discusses some fundamental topics in Lévi-Strauss's anthropology, namely, kinship, myth, and structure. Starting with alliance theory, it proceeds to examine the structural analysis of myths, its relationship to art, and the very notion of structure in Lévi-Strauss, relating it with models in other sciences which were its inspiration. M. Carneiro da Cunha. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

214/383. The Practice of Anthropology: Celebrity and Science in Paleoanthropology. A seminar to explore the balance among research, show biz, big business, and politics in the careers of Louis, Mary, and Richard Leakey; Alan Walker; Donald Johanson; Jane Goodall; Dian Fossey; and Biruté Galdikas through films, taped interviews, autobiographies, biographies, pop publications, instructor's anecdotes, and samples of their scientific writings. R. Tuttle. Winter.

220/355. The Anthropology of Development (=EnvStd 220). This course applies anthropological understanding to development programs in "underdeveloped" societies through case studies of food production, nutrition, and health care practices. We pay special attention to the role and impact of indigenous and anthropological concepts in development projects. Topics include development within the world system, the role of national and international development agencies, the cultural construction of well-being and deprivation, the impact of world market mechanisms and consumerism on underdevelopment, local resistance and engagement in development, the politics of underdevelopment, and future development. A. Kolata, J. Fernandez, R. Fernandez. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

228. Diasporas: Asian Migration in the Modern World (=Hist 267/367, SoAsia 282). The United States is known as the land of immigrants. Yet today immigration policy is a controversial issue as established immigrant groups seek to limit who is entitled to citizenship and who is entitled to work. This lecture/discussion course seeks to explore the thorny problems of migration, citizenship and multiculturalism through the lens of Asians in the new face of America. The focus is on the formation of subcultures and subnationalities and on the discourses of freedom that connect India, South Africa, the Caribbean and the United States. Materials for this course focus both on the conditions of migration and its experience and include historical writing, novels, film, and the popular media. C. Breckenridge. Autumn.

237/337. Capitalism, Colonialism, and Nationalism in the Pacific. This course compares colonial capitalist projects and their dialogic transformations up to present political dilemmas, with special attention to Fiji, New Zealand, and Hawaii and a focus on the labor diaspora, the fates of indigenous polities, and tensions in contemporary citizenship. General propositions about nationalism, "late" capitalism, global cultural flows, and postcolonial subject positions are juxtaposed with contemporary Pacific conflicts. J. Kelly. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

243/403. Medicine and Culture (=HiPSS 273). Class limited to fifty students. Diverse systems of thought and practice concerning health, illness, and the management of the body and person in everyday and ritual contexts are examined. This course seeks to develop a framework for studying the cultural and historical constitution of healing practices, especially the evolution of Western biomedicine. J. Comaroff. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

247/347. Political Anthropology (=LL/Soc 273, Sociol 347). This course is an exploration of major theoretical approaches to the study of political institutions, structures, and processes in different societies, with special reference to the nature of power, the role of symbolism and ideology in politics, and images of the state. J. L. Comaroff. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

251/451. Anthropology of the Body. This course explores a range of texts, both classic and more recent, that treat the body as the subject and object of social processes. Introductory lectures are followed by student presentations, the general aim being to ground theoretical inquiry in ethnographic and historical materials. J. Comaroff. Spring.

254/354. Knowledge and Power. A very large, boundary-crossing literature has developed around searches for general insights into relations between knowledge and power. This course is an introduction to some recent (and some not so recent) scholarly debates about rationality and hegemony, about discourse, disciplines, dialogics, and authority, and about the (non)uniqueness of modernity, postmodernity, and science. While designed to engage theoretical literature about knowledge and power from several disciplines the course gives special attention to ethnography, both to ethnographic contributions and appropriations of them in these debates and to possible ethnographic projects raised by new questions. J. Kelly. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

260. Myths and Rituals of the Indo-Europeans. This course presents an interdisciplinary philological-archaeological-linguistic-folkloric reconstruction of the ritual-mythological system of the Indo-Europeans, viewed through the prism of critical analysis of modern and current theories of myth together with a historiographic exploration in previous studies in Indo-European mythology. Readings of translations from Germanic, Greek, Latin, Slavic, Iranian, Sanskrit, and Armenian texts are assigned concurrently with a study of archaeological evidence and samples of prehistoric and ancient visual art. G. Areshian. Summer.

260/460. Mesoamerican Archeology. The prehistoric native cultures of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras are introduced using a framework of environmental analysis and cultural evolutionary theory. The course traces the development of aboriginal societies from the earliest settlements in the late Pleistocene until the Spanish conquest. Survey focuses include the Olmec, the Maya, Teotihuacan, the Toltec, and the Aztec. A. Kolata. Autumn.

261. Ancient Celtic Societies. This course explores the prehistoric societies of Iron Age "Celtic" Europe and their relationship to modern communities claiming Celtic ancestry. The course aims to impart an understanding of (1) the kinds of evidence available for investigating these ancient societies and how archaeologists interpret these data, (2) processes of change in culture and society during the Iron Age, and (3) how the legacy of Celtic societies has both persisted and been reinvented and manipulated in the modern world. Issues include the relationship between language, material culture, and society; colonial interaction; urbanization; art and religion; gender roles; and cultural identity in the construction of tradition. M. Dietler. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

262/462. Approaches to the Past. Drawing heavily on evidence from Old World prehistory, this course considers the variety of approaches to the analysis of archaeological data, illustrating each with examples derived from the reports of archaeological excavations. It prepares the student to evaluate reconstructions of lifeways to be found in archaeological literature. L. Freeman. Autumn.

263/363. Andean Prehistory. This course is an in-depth examination of selected pre-Hispanic Andean societies and their evolution. It is not an exhaustive survey of South American prehistory. Rather, emphasis is placed on the formulation of general theoretical cultural models for Andean societies and their evolution through a series of empirical case studies. The central role of ethnohistorical research in understanding the dynamics and institutional bases of indigenous Andean civilization is a recurrent theme during the course. A. Kolata. Spring.

264/463. Artifact Typology and Technology. This course provides an introduction to the principles of stone artifact classification, using both qualitative and quantitative methods and involving firsthand contact with actual Paleolithic specimens. L. Freeman. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

266. Summer Prehistory Field School in Spain. PQ: Must be taken together with Anthro 287 and 288 for a total of 300 units. Prior training not required. Knowledge of Spanish helpful. Students participate in the excavation of an important Paleolithic site, the Magdalenian Cave of El Juyo, located on Spain's Cantabrian Coast. The field school provides students an overview of the present state of knowledge about humanity's remote prehistoric past and introduces them to the latest techniques for the recovery and analysis of the durable remains of human behavior from the Old Stone Age. Theoretical classes and seminars are combined with practical site experience. L. Freeman. Summer.

267/464. Prehistoric Art. This course covers data, techniques of analysis, and interpretive theories. L. Freeman. Winter.

268/368. Function and Style in Material Culture. This course introduces the technologies of preindustrial peoples and the various levels of meaning (social and ideological as well as technological) of artifacts. L. Freeman. Autumn.

269/469. Archaeological Data Analysis. This course introduces the use of statistical procedures and the computer in the analysis of archaeological data. L. Freeman. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

270-1,-2,-3/370-1,-2,-3. Introduction to Linguistics I, II, III (=Ling 201-202-203/301-302-303, SocSci 217-218-219). PQ: Must be taken in sequence. This course is an introductory survey of methods, findings, and problems in areas of major interest within linguistics and of the relationship of linguistics to other disciplines. Topics include the biological basis of language, basic notions of syntax, semantics, pragmatics, basic syntactic typology of language, phonetics, phonology, morphology, language acquisition, linguistic variation, and linguistic change. A. Dahlstrom, Autumn; R. Janda, Winter; K. Kazazis, Spring. 270/370-1: A. Dahlstrom, Summer.

271. Sociolinguistic Perspectives on American English (=GS Hum 223, Ling 268). This course explores the emergence of the American English linguistic community within the context of North American and more global English-centered speech communities. Topics include American culture and the American culture of language, as well as the dynamic intersections of institutional forces that have shaped, and are currently shaping, American English discursive practices and, thence, linguistic structure. M. Silverstein. Spring.

272. Language in Culture and Society (=Ling 212). This course is an intensive introduction to the study of language as communicative practice. Topics include linguistic structure, its relation to other sign systems, speech acts, approaches to "context," varieties of interaction, and elements of a practice approach. W. Hanks. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

273. Language, Voice, and Gender (=Psych 273). The role of language (as structure, as text, and as discursive practice) is considered in the sociocultural construction of gender as an aspect of social identity. A variety of scholarly and popular works is discussed in a cross-cultural framework of comparison, with a view to locating the cultural processes in specific cases. M. Silverstein. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

274. Language, Power, and Identity in Southeastern Europe: A Linguistic View of the Balkan Crisis (=GnSlav 230, Hum 274, LngLin 230). Language is a key issue in the articulation of ethnicity and the struggle for power in southeastern Europe. This course familiarizes students with the linguistic histories and structures that have served as bases for the formation of modern Balkan ethnic identities and that are being manipulated to shape current and future events. V. Friedman. Autumn.

275/475-1,-2,-3. Modern Spoken Quiché Maya I, II, III (=LngLin 278/478). Introduction to the spoken language with tapes and transcriptions, grammatical notes and exercises, aural comprehension, and oral practice. N. McQuown. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

278. Culture and Cognition: Linguistic Relativity (=Ling 270, Psych 249). PQ: Knowledge of linguistics or cognitive studies helpful. Understanding language both as a systematic representation of the thinkable and as a systematic way of inhabiting a universe of social action, we review the ways in which modern social and cognitive scientists have dealt with the implications of the formal variability of language. We consider both cross-linguistic, cross-societal implications and the significance of register-based social variability of language within linguistic communities. M. Silverstein. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

279/479-1,-2,-3. Modern Spoken Yucatec Maya I, II, III (=LngLin 279/479). Introduction to the spoken language with tapes and transcriptions, grammatical notes and exercises, aural comprehension, and oral practice. N. McQuown. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

287. Field Methods in Paleolithic Prehistory. PQ: Must be taken together with Anthro 266 and 288 for a total of 300 units. Part of the Summer Field School in Spanish Prehistory: modern techniques of excavation, data recovery, and recording in the field. L. Freeman. Summer.

288. Management and Analysis of Archaeological Data. PQ: Must be taken together with Anthro 266 and 287 for a total of 300 units. Part of the Summer Field School in Spanish Prehistory: theory and practice of manipulation of archeological data, including the management of inventory through computerized data bases and quantitative and graphic methods of analysis. L. Freeman. Summer.

290. Preparation of Bachelor's Essay. PQ: Consent of instructor and program chairman. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. At the discretion of the instructor, this course is available for either Pass or letter grading. For honors requirements, see honors section under Program Requirements. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

299. Readings in Anthropology. PQ: Consent of instructor and program chairman. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. At the discretion of the instructor, this course is available for either Pass or letter grading. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

300. Culture I: The Nature of Culture. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. May be taken in sequence or individually. This is the first of a three-quarter sequence on the nature and varieties of culture. Culture I considers academic theories of culture and their sources in Western philosophies of humanity and society. M. Sahlins. Autumn.

301. Culture II: Varieties of Cultural Order. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. May be taken in sequence or individually. This is the second of a three-quarter sequence on the nature and varieties of culture. Culture II is concerned with classical anthropological depictions of cultural differences--that is, from the early modern period or the so-called ethnological present. M. Sahlins. Winter.

302. Culture III: Cultural Change and Contemporary Ethnography. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. May be taken in sequence or individually. This is the third of a three-quarter sequence on the nature and varieties of culture. Culture III is a discussion of cultural change in general and in the context of modern world history. M. Sahlins. Spring.

306-1,-2,-3. Introduction to African Civilization I, II, III (=SocSci 225-226-227). This course sequence fulfills the Common Core requirement in civilizational studies. This course presents the political, economic, social, and cultural development of sub-Saharan African communities and states from a variety of points from the precolonial past up to the present. The autumn quarter treats the social organization and political economy of several precolonial societies in southern, central, and eastern Africa. The winter quarter focuses on religion, ritual, and colonial authority. The spring focuses on a single region, the Manden of West Africa, covering village social structure and political economy, precolonial trade and empire, Islam, European colonialism, and postcolonial society. J. L. Comaroff, Autumn; A. Apter, Winter; R. Austen, Spring.

307-1,-2,-3. Introduction to Latin American Civilization I, II, III (=Hist 161-162-163, LatAm 345-346-347, SocSci 261-262-263). This sequence fulfills the Common Core requirement in civilizational studies. May be taken in sequence or individually. This three-quarter course sequence introduces students to the history and cultures of Latin America, including Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean islands. The autumn quarter examines the origins of civilizations in Latin America with a focus on the political, social, and cultural features of the major pre-Columbian civilizations of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec. The quarter concludes with consideration of the Spanish and Portuguese conquest and the construction of colonial societies in Latin America. The winter quarter addresses the evolution of colonial societies, the wars of independence, and the emergence of Latin American nation-states in the changing international context of the nineteenth century. The spring quarter focuses on the twentieth century, with a special emphasis on the challenges of economic, political, and social development in the region. A. Kolata, Autumn; C. Lomnitz, Winter; F. Katz, Spring.

308-1,-2,-3. Introduction to the Civilization of South Asia I, II, III (=SocSci 230-231-232, SoAsia 200-201-202; Anthro 308-3=PolSci 260). PQ: Must be taken in sequence. Students who register for the third quarter of the sequence as PolSci 260 do not have to meet the prerequisites. This course sequence fulfills the Common Core requirement in civilizational studies. Using a variety of disciplinary approaches, this sequence seeks to familiarize students with some of the important ideas, texts, institutions, and historical experiences that have constituted South Asian civilization. Topics covered in the autumn quarter include a discussion of what is involved in the study of pre-modern history and in the idea of a "civilization"; the world views of early Vedic brahmanism, Buddhism, and a reformulated "Hinduism"; the problem of "kingship and its discontents"; and the spread of South Asian culture across Southeast Asia. The winter quarter examines elements of Hindu mythology, the role of the temple as ritual center and focus of political and economic exchange, Hindu devotionalism, South Asian Muslim identity, Muslim social and cultural institutions in South Asia, and Muslim-Hindu interactions in South Asia. The spring quarter focuses on Mughal state, society, and culture; British constructions of Indian "tradition"; the culture and politics of religious and caste identities; and issues affecting the lives of women and environment in South Asia. S. Collins, Autumn; N. Cutler, Winter; S. H. Rudolph, Spring.

311. Global Issues in Health and Environment (=EnvStd 255, Hist 293/393, SoAsia 311). The twenty-first century will inherit global threats of infection, disease, and environmental degradation. In this course, we examine issues on health and the environment. How might minority rights and democratic forms conflict with the interests of the state and transnational corporations? How might debates on health address the environmental reach of global capital? When does environmental criticism affect matters of race, sexuality, and gender? What constitutes "public" regulation of health and community in the era of globalization? How do environmental and health activists press us to reconstitute categories for understanding justice, agency, and power? We seek to understand global changes in historical as well as contemporary perspectives. C. Breckenridge. Spring.

312. Imperial Culture of India and Africa. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. Consent of instructor. Examining the historical relations between the British metropole and its imperial possessions in India and Africa, the course focuses on the politics of ritual, spectacle, and the colonial sciences. Students are expected to analyze primary documents in light of theoretical issues raised in class. A. Apter, B. Cohn. Autumn.

313-3. The African Diaspora: Rethinking the African Diaspora (=AfAfAm 203). This course focuses on the "African" experience in the New World, particularly in Brazil, Haiti, Cuba, Trinidad, and North America. Themes of acculturation, syncretism, adaptation, and resistance in the classic diaspora literature are critically reevaluated in light of current issues in cultural studies--hegemony and the politics of African identity, the symbolic construction (and deconstruction) of "origins," the rhetoric of racial and sexual difference, black nationalist ideologies, and the material conditions of imagined communities. Staff. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

313. The African Diaspora: Colonial Society--South Africa and the Caribbean. This course deals with the formation of colonial societies in the Caribbean and southern Africa, concentrating on the way in which Africans and people of African descent became a part of complex multiracial societies with new forms of culture and social life, sometimes called "creole." Particular attention is paid to the governmental institutions, racial hierarchies, and cultures of domination and resistance characteristic of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. J. L. Comaroff, Staff. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

323. Ethnopsychology: Hindu. PQ: Anthro 212/321 or consent of instructor; may be taken concurrently with 321. Students construct psychological concepts from the realities constructed, assumed, perceived, and acted upon by South Asians. They apply their concepts to analyze specimens of experience and behavior from recent ethnographies, biographies, and works of fiction dealing with interpersonal relations, especially those of family life. M. Marriott. Autumn.

325. Formal Modeling in Anthropology. PQ: Consent of instructor. Concepts drawn from mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, biology, and sociology are used to model cultural descriptions of age, caste, class, kinship, power, prestations, and sports, especially materials exhibiting ranked properties. M. Marriott. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

326. Anthropology of Europe. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. Ethnographic monographs are discussed in reference to the problem of the unity and diversity of the cultures of Western and Central Europe, the problem of a European matrix culture as seen in rural family structures and folklore, the emergence of estates and classes, a political economy of rural/urban confrontation and exploitation, and the contemporary problem of an emergent European community. Each year a comparison of monographs from two regions is emphasized. J. Fernandez. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

327. Spain, Greece, and the Mediterranean. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. A comparison of the now extensive ethnographies of community life in Spain and Greece, with an interest in identifying unity and diversity in kinship and inheritance structures, in economic organization, and in religious practices. Spain's and Greece's places in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean are examined by reference to anthropological studies in Portugal, Italy, and North Africa. J. Fernandez. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

331-1,-2,-3. North American Indians I, II, III. PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. This course is a comprehensive review of Native American cultural history, including consideration of intellectual context, prehistory, ethnology, history, and the contemporary situation. The last half of the third quarter is devoted to a mutually agreed-on topic in which students pursue individual research, the results of which are presented in seminar format. R. Fogelson. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

334. Narrative and Experimental Ethnography. PQ: Open to third- or fourth-year students with consent of instructor. This is a study of ethnography as a problem of narration and emplotment, based mainly on the study of the ethnographies written in the last fifteen years under the epistemological and methodological pressures of phenomenology, critical theory, interpretivism, and particularly postmodernism. We consider the reflective attempts by earlier anthropologists to better render the field experience, the use of rhetorical devices and image evocation in ethnography, attempts at expanding emotional range in the ethnographic sensorium, the gendering of the experience of the "other," dialogic engagement with the "other," and the "politics of self/other representation." J. Fernandez. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

343. Psychological Anthropology: Historical Perspectives on Psychological Anthropology (=HumDev 342). This course considers the logical status of psychological anthropology as an anthropological discipline. Attention is paid to the "prehistoric" roots of psychological discipline, as well as the influence of psychoanalysis on anthropology. The "culture and personality" movement is evaluated as a movement. The course concludes with a discussion of trends and trending in modern psychological anthropology. R. Fogelson. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

344-1,-2. Primitive Religion I, II (=HumDev 335-1,-2). PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. A theoretical and substantive survey of the religions of "primitive" peoples. Topics include the notion of primitivism, a history of the anthropological study of religion, minimal definitions of religion, religious experience, dreams, myths, ritual, divination, theories of magic, shamanism, curing, conceptions of power, and dynamics of religious change. R. Fogelson. Autumn, Winter.

357-1,-2. Introduction to Homeric Greek: Language and Culture (=SocTh 421). Introduction to Homeric Greek grammar and poetics with attendant discussion of cultural patterns. P. Friedrich, J. Redfield. Autumn, Winter.

358-1,-2,-3. Anthropology, Poetics, Character: Homer's Odyssey I, II, III (=SocTh 304). PQ: Knowledge of Greek helpful but not required. Intensive study of one book per week in terms of ethnography, poetics, mythology, and the study of character; some reference to secondary literature (e.g., Finley) and subsequent variants of the these (e.g., Tennyson). Some attention is given to major alternative translations. P. Friedrich. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

362. Ceramic Analysis for Archaeologists. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course exposes students to the theoretical foundations and techniques that allow archaeologists to use collections of ancient ceramic shards to make inferences about the behavior of the people who made and used the pots. Ethnographic, experimental, and physical science approaches are explored to develop a realistic understanding of the kinds of information about ancient people that can be plausibly derived from their pottery and to assess which techniques and analytical strategies may best serve to obtain that information. M. Dietler. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

372-1,-2. Language in Culture I, II (=Ling 311-312, Psych 470-471). PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. This two-quarter course presents the major issues in linguistics of anthropological interest, including, in the first half, the formal structure of semiotic systems, the ethnographically crucial incorporation of linguistic forms into cultural systems, and the methods for empirical investigation of "functional" semiotic structure and history. The second half of the sequence takes up basic concepts in sociolinguistics and their critique, linguistic analysis of publics, performance and ritual, and language ideologies, among other topics. M. Silverstein, Autumn; S. Gal, Winter.

373. Phonology I (=Ling 208/308). PQ: Ling 201, 202, 203, 206, or equivalent. This is an introduction to general principles of phonology, with emphasis on nongenerative theory. Staff. Winter.

374. Morphology and Syntax (=Ling 210/310). PQ: Anthro 373. This course deals with linguistic structure and patterning beyond the phonological level, primarily from a structuralist point of view. It concentrates on analysis of grammatical and formal oppositions and their structural relationships and interrelationships. H. Aronson. Spring.

376. Phonology II (=Ling 209/309). PQ: Anthro 373. The principles of generative phonology are introduced and studied in detail, emphasizing the role of formalism and abstractness in phonological analysis. The emphasis is on the Sound Pattern of English theory, with brief discussion of more recent autosegmental and metrical models. Staff. Spring.

377. Phonetics (=Ling 206/306). PQ: Ling 201, 202, 203, or consent of instructor. This is an introduction to the study of speech sounds. Speech sounds are described with respect to their articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual structures. There are laboratory exercises both in phonetic transcription and in the acoustic analysis of speech sounds. Staff. Autumn.

378-379. Syntax I, II (=Ling 204-205/304-305). PQ: Ling 201, 202, 203, or equivalent. Must be taken in sequence. This two-quarter sequence is devoted to detailed study of the major syntactic phenomena of English, combined with exposition and critical evaluation of the principal accounts of phenomena proposed by transformational grammarians and the theoretical frameworks within which those accounts are developed. Class discussion focuses on ideas advanced in or arising out of transformational grammar with regard to the relation between syntax and semantics and the psychological status of linguistic analyses. J. McCawley. Autumn, Winter.

381. Evolution of the Hominoidea (=EvBiol 381). PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing; consent of instructor. This course carries 200 units of credit. A detailed consideration of the fossil record and the phylogeny of Hominidae and collateral taxa of the Hominoidea is based upon studies of casts and comparative primate osteology. R. Tuttle. Spring. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

382. Comparative Primate Morphology (=EvBiol 382). PQ: Consent of instructor. This course carries 200 units of credit. Functional morphology of locomotor, alimentary, reproductive, and special sensory systems in primates is studied. Dissections are performed on monkeys and apes. R. Tuttle. Autumn.

384. History and Theory of Human Evolution (=EvBiol 384, HiPSS 236). PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This proseminar is based on the classic theoretic writings, autobiographies, and biographies of Darwin, Huxley, Haekel, Keith, Osborn, Jones, Gregory, Morton, Broom, Black, Dart, Weidenreich, Robinson, Leakey, LeGros-Clark, Schultz, Straus, Hooton, Washburn, Coon, Dobzhansky, Simpson, and Gould. R. Tuttle. Winter. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

386. Apes and Human Evolution (=EvBiol 386, HiPSS 237). A critical examination of the ways in which data on the behavior and morphology of apes have been used to elucidate human evolution, with particular emphasis on bipedalism, hunting, meat eating, food sharing, tool behavior, intelligence, language, self-awareness, and sociability. Labs include trips to local zoological gardens and the Field Museum of Natural History, films, and demonstrations of casts of fossils, skeletons, and anthropoid dissections. R. Tuttle. Spring.

407. Ethnography of South Asia: Social Organization. PQ: Consent of instructor. Advanced readings and discussions of local, regional, and topical ethnographies. M. Marriott. Autumn.

411. Seminar: Ethnography of Central and Eastern Europe. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar reads a series of classic and recent ethnographic studies of populations in the following countries: Germany, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, parts of the former Yugoslavia, and parts of the former Soviet Union. Our aim is to get a sense of how a range of communisms worked "on the ground," as well as the range of "transitions." Possible questions include the Cold War as the context of anthropological studies of Europe; theorizing Communism; the issue of "nationalism"; "embourgeoisment" and "underdevelopment"; the imagination of democracy, citizenship, and civil society; and money and the culture of commodities. S. Gal. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

412. Comparative Poetry and Poetics (=ComLit 328, SocTh 327). PQ: Consent of instructor. This course includes fundamentals of poetic language and poetry: the music of language, theory of figures, the mythological basis, linguistic relativism, sociopolitical context, and the moral intentions of the poet. Russian, Eskimo, T'ang Chinese, and modern American examples are considered. P. Friedrich. Spring.

414. Metaphor Theory in Anthropology. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. A study of the "play of tropes"--metaphor, metonym, synecdoche, irony, and so on--in social life, the emplotment of social action, and the constructions of the cultural imagination. The principal theories, from Vico to contemporary anthropologists, are reviewed. J. Fernandez. Autumn.

416. Anthropology and Liberalism. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This course explores ways of providing a deeper understanding of the contemporary debate about multiculturalism. One of the curious and fascinating aspects of the debate is the way culture and the politics of liberalism--both claiming the virtues of difference, of pluralism, and of expressive tolerance--intersect. Surely this is not simply a recent phenomenon. The course focuses on three moments in twentieth-century U.S. history that reveal this intersection of the concepts of culture and liberalism: Franz Boas and Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Mead and John Dewey, and Clifford Geertz and Richard Rorty. D. Scott. Summer.

423-1,-2. Comparative Agricultural Systems I, II. PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. This course provides an introduction to the substantive data, theoretical arguments, and methodological approaches for the analysis of temperate and tropical agricultural systems in a comparative and historical framework. The ecological aspects of various crops and cropping systems are explored, and the anthropological, environmental, and developmental implications of these systems are examined. An intensive analysis is made of temperate and tropical agricultural systems in a comparative and historical framework. A. Kolata. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

432. Problems in Australian Aboriginal Land. This course is about the cultural constitution of land and place in modern Australian Aboriginal societies. It considers selected intercultural processes such as land claims cases; the creation of the special, protected areas of "sacred sites"; and developments in mobility and regional connectivities; as well as relations between body, place, and "country" fundamental to Aboriginal societies and to defining identity vis à vis Euro-Australians. N. Munn. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

437. The Problem of Emancipation. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This course seeks to examine the formation of post-emancipation society in the Caribbean--to look not merely at what ex-slaves did but rather to enter into the cultural and moral problem of "freedom" and in this context to revisit a number of classical problems in the cultural history of slave plantation societies--as an approach to a revised understanding of "freedom," which is one of the crucial cultural-political questions of our time. D. Scott. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

448. Contextualization of Anthropological Knowledge. PQ: Consent of instructor before the first class meeting, preferably by the end of the preceding quarter. Class limited to ten students. This course attempts to place anthropological knowledge in broader contexts (historical, social, cultural, ideological, institutional, disciplinary, discursive, and so on), usually by focusing on a particular theme and following its development from the eighteenth century to the present. The specific topic varies from year to year. Recent themes have included boundary formation, colonial context, cultural comparison and cultural critique, and ethnographic method. Each student is expected to have an interest in some specific aspect or manifestation of the general theme as the focus of their own contribution to the course. G. Stocking. Spring.

452. Problems in Exchange: The Kula Ring (Papua New Guinea). PQ: Open to advanced anthropology concentrators with consent of instructor. An in-depth examination of the classical anthropological problem of Kula exchange based on recent research. Kula is used to consider selected topics in the study of social exchange such as the symbolism of exchange objects, exchange and value, and current anthropological discussions of "gifts" and "commodities." N. Munn. Spring.

455. Seminar: Anthropology of Space and Time. A range of anthropological literature on sociocultural space and time is explored. N. Munn. Spring.

461. Archaeology and the Politics of the Past. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar explores the use of the ancient past as a symbolic resource by modern communities and the social situation and responsibilities of archaeologists in this process. Case studies from a variety of contexts are used to show how archaeology has been implicated in the politically charged construction of ethnic and regional identities and nationalist and colonialist mythologies in modern history. Current debates about the authority of competing interpretations of archaeological evidence, the right to control public representations of the past, and the contested ownership of archaeological materials and sites are also discussed. M. Dietler. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1998-99.

466. Economic Archaeology. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course provides a grounding in the methods, issues, and theoretical framework for the analysis of ancient economic systems, as well as a comparative perspective on the role of economy in society and history. The relationship of economic archaeology to the subfields of economic anthropology and economic history, its special methodological and theoretical problems, and its potential contribution are explored. M. Dietler. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

468. Ethnoarchaeology and Material Culture. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar explores the research methods and theoretical contributions of the subfield of anthropology that aids archaeological interpretation by studying material culture in ethnographic contexts. Case studies are used to demonstrate the social embeddedness and cultural significance of the production, exchange, consumption, and discarding of material culture; to develop an understanding of the relationship between material and non-material dimensions of human life and the possibilities for archaeological inference; and to critically assess techniques and strategies for future fieldwork. M. Dietler. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

473. Historical Linguistics (=Ling 213/313). PQ: Anthro 373, 376, 377, or consent of instructor. This course concerns linguistic change and variation and the theory and practice of genetic comparison and reconstruction. K. Kazazis. Autumn.

475. Colonial Yucatec (=LngLin 374). PQ: Consent of instructor. This course is an introduction to the structure of Yucatec Mayan as spoken during the colonial period and includes a practicum in the translation of documents. W. Hanks. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

481. Advanced Problems in Paleoanthropology (=EvBiol 481). This course includes tutorial museum, laboratory, and field studies on the hominoid fossil record and contextual information relevant to its interpretation. R. Tuttle. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

485. Advanced Problems in Primate Locomotion and Comparative Morphology (=EvBiol 485). This course is a seminar and/or laboratory study of the morphological and behavioral adaptations of selected primates and implications for primate phylogeny. R. Tuttle. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

502. French Africanist Ethnography. PQ: Consent of instructor; reading knowledge of French. This seminar examines the French "tradition" of Africanist ethnographic research and writing, beginning with nineteenth-century military ethnographies, moving on the Griaule School (including its detractors), and concluding with close reading of Michel Leiris and Jean Rouch. Ethnographic concerns with secrecy, language, and cosmology are located in the context of surrealism, primitivism, modernism, and the Négritude movement in Paris. A. Apter. Winter.

503. State Fetishism in Africa. PQ: Consent of instructor. Cultural approaches to the state in Africa are discussed, focusing on the dialectics of colonialism, nationalism, gender, and commoditization as constituted and negotiated through bodily schema and practices. Ethnographic readings examine imperial ritual, etiquette, and gender relations; national boundaries and the circulation of value; and "physiologies" of state power in postcolonial regimes. A. Apter. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

505. The Anthropological Study of the United States by Foreigners. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. A consideration of how the United States is treated as "the other" in both the travel literature and the ethnography by Europeans and visitors and scholars from the Third World. J. Fernandez. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

506. Seminar: Christian Saints as Myths. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar studies Catholic hagiography in the late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance, using in parallel texts (particularly the Golden Legend) and paintings. The attempt is to single out the structural patterns in the construction of the lives of the saints. M. Carneiro da Cunha. Spring.

509. Seminar: Man and Nature in the Amazon. This seminar concentrates on two issues: styles and methods in ethnoscience and the discussion of intellectual property rights for traditional societies. For example, one topic is forest management in the Amazon. M. Carneiro da Cunha. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

510. Seminar: Text and Image in Colonial Latin America. PQ: Consent of instructor. Using a combination of anthropological and art-historical methods, this course examines the emergence of written texts and images in books during the colonial period in Latin America. Special focus is placed on Andean and Mesoamerican regions and on issues of cultural ambivalence; the making of truth through writing; and the contexts of production, distribution, and reception of written works. W. Hanks, T. Cummins. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

513. Seminar: Culture and Psychoanalysis. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course centers on the significance of Sigmund Freud's contribution to general theories of culture. Freud's legacy to theories of culture is reviewed, as well as contributions of his followers, apostates, and successors. Special attention is paid to major developments in contemporary psychoanalytic anthropology. R. Fogelson. Spring.

514. Seminar: Images, Idols, and Icons--On Christian Iconography. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar deals with problems in representation. We discuss the status of images in classical antiquity and in early Christianity, as well as the ethical and aesthetical aspects of religious images. It concludes by concentrating on Catholic iconography from the trecento and quattrocento. M. Carneiro da Cunha. Autumn.

517. Seminar: Paths and Maps for Memory. PQ: Consent of instructor. Topics considered include memory and society, paths and maps for memory (pilgrimages, transforming time into space, the art of memory, and memory and ritual), the politics of memory, and the physiology of memory. M. Carneiro da Cunha. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

520. Nationalism and Culture. The nation is that form of political community whose special task it was to realize the aspirations of modernity. But in the contemporary world this assumption is being contested in the name of other forms of community--"ethnic" and "religious," for example. How has the problem of the nation and nationalism been posed in recent theoretical and historical discourse? What are the intersecting assumptions about modernity, liberalism, and socialism? How has "ethnicity" emerged as a site of contestation? What kind of theoretical understanding does this aspect of our present urge upon us? D. Scott. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

523. Seminar: The Craft of Anthropology--Methods and Ethics. PQ: Consent of instructor. A critical introduction to the methods of anthropology, paying special attention to the ethics of fieldwork, the politics of knowledge involved in ethnography, the problems of "writing" culture, the so-called crisis of representation in the social sciences, and the varieties of techniques and methods conventionally used by anthropologists. J. L. Comaroff. Winter.

527. Twentieth-Century Seminar: India as a Disciplinary Site (=SoAsia 412). This seminar uses South Asian materials to view the archive of the twentieth century as composed of complex disciplinary productions that have divided the century into naturalized periods; to resituate works originally conceived as analytic studies as sources for the study of the twentieth century; and to reopen the various dates and ruptures (such as 1918, 1930, 1947, 1960, and 1980) that have created breaks between disciplinary territories and fostered the illusion of natural chronologies. The course is as much a critique of the disciplinary histories as of the processes by which histories of the present are constructed by scholars and activists of different persuasions. A. Appadurai. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

528: Seminar: Politics of Reproduction. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course takes up the ways in which representations of the body, of human sexuality, and of human reproduction are systematically intertwined, in different places and times, with conceptualizations of the nature and powers of the state, conceptualizations of "citizenship," the formulation of human "rights," and the construction of national and individual identities. The course aims to construct critiques of "democratic" and other political theories, as well as to build an understanding of the workings of political power as it is linked to gender inequality. S. Gal. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

529. Culture and Criticism. PQ: Consent of instructor. "Culture" has been taken to be a concept that not only explains phenomena but enables criticism. How, in our political-ethical present, are we to understand the intersection between the problem of criticism and the concept of culture? To find our feet in this matter, we not only inquire into those discourses that deploy a concept of culture, but also inquire into the tasks and goals of criticism. D. Scott. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

531. Seminar: Problems in Indigenous South American Societies. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar focuses on contemporary, ethnohistorical, and archaeological data on Amazonian and Andean societies, compared to Central American cases. Topics include the development of complex societies and states, including political-economic dynamics and contradictions at both local community and state levels; systems of social production; moiety, triadic, and quadripartite structures; cosmological systems; and the problems of development. A. Kolata, T. Turner. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

536. Seminar: Critical Studies of Sexuality (=Hist 628). PQ: Consent of instructor. Class limited to fifteen students. This course critically examines how lesbian-gay-bisexual identity politics have come to be so crucial to American formations of same-sex desire and practices and, more generally, how sexual politics have come to be so crucial to American culture and politics. To do so, it examines the emergence of "sexuality" as a sphere of personal definition and of heterosexuality and homosexuality as categories of experience and identity in the United States; how sexual desires and practices are invested with meaning in other cultural fields; and the articulation of sexuality with other social identities of race, gender, class, kinship, and age. E. Povinelli, G. Chauncey. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

542. Seminar: Postcolonial Criticism. PQ: Consent of instructor. Since the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism, a "postcolonial" criticism has emerged which is concerned with rethinking the discursive relation between Europe and its "others." What is the scope and target of this postcolonial criticism? What is its relation to "postmodern" critical strategies? Is there, or should there be, an intersection between the themes and modes of postcolonial criticism and other salient features of our present--the demise of Communism; the rise of a new, aggressive liberalism; and the changes in the capitalist world economy? This course explores the cognitive and political space of postcolonial criticism, seeking its yield and limits. D. Scott. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

550. Seminar: Praxis and Culture. PQ: Anthro 341 or 447 and consent of instructor. This seminar deals with the relevance of concepts of action, activity, and praxis for anthropological concepts of culture, the individual, and society. Readings are from Marx, hermeneutics, phenomenology, psychology, linguistics, sociology, and philosophy. Topics include applications to anthropological problems such as value, the body, and the symbolic mediation of social interaction; the structural properties of cultural constructs such as classification, tropes, prototypes, and schemas; narrative; ritual; ideology; social organization; and political issues such as cultural and ethnic autonomy and human rights. T. Turner. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

551. Seminar: Issues in Contemporary Social/Cultural Theory. PQ: Consent of instructor. Topics include the critique of modernism and postmodernism; the concepts of "late capitalism," transnationalism, and changes in the role of the state as they relate to ethnicity, nationalism, multiculturalism, hegemony, xenophobia, and cultural fundamentalism; "interpretation," "discourse," and "dialogism," comprising neohermeneutic, poststructuralist, and Bakhtinian Marxist perspectives; representation, "the other," and the critique of ethnography; "practice theory," "habitus," and "structuration"; and issues arising from anthropological engagement in advocacy and development. T. Turner. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

552. The Anthropology of Modernity. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course explores such topics as mass media, migration, ethnic movements, and consumerism to deparochialize existing models of modernity and to provide an ethnographic approach to transnational, intercultural problems of communication, mobilization, and action. A. Appadurai. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

553. Seminar: Reading Legal Discourse. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course examines recent trends in critical legal studies/critical race theory (CLS/CRT) and their importance to the anthropology of law in multicultural and transnational contexts. It begins by situating CLS/CRT among anthropological interests in law and society. Readings and discussions focus on how to analyze the values and hierarchies embedded in legal decisions and on the relationship between law, narrative, and social dominance. The course ends with a practicum that has students analyze specific court cases. E. Povinelli. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

556. Seminar: Commodity Fetishism. PQ: Consent of instructor. Few arguments in social theory have attracted as much attention as Marx's mock revelation of "the fetishism of the commodity and its secret." Much debate about capitalism, and about the relation between political economy and culture, has involved rereadings and rewritings of Marx's argument. This seminar reconsiders commodities in theory and reality. It seeks not only the secrets of the commodity but also the limits that scholarly fetishism of the commodity has placed on our studies of the culture and history of capital. The course focuses on the interest in the cultural logic of capitalist societies. J. Kelly. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

558. Seminar: Culture and History. PQ: Consent of instructor. Class limited to twenty students. This course features the role of cultural order in historical change, with analytic examples from diverse ethnographic sites in the early modern and modern periods. M. Sahlins, M. Carneiro da Cunha. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

560. The Preindustrial City. PQ: Consent of instructor. The origins and structure of the preindustrial city are examined. The seminar is broadly comparative in perspective and considers the nature of the archaic city in a variety of regional and temporal contexts. A. Kolata. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

565. The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar compares archaeological approaches to the process of colonial interaction. It uses temporally and geographically diverse case studies from the archaeological and historical literature, within a critical discussion of anthropological theory on the topic. The course evaluates archaeology's potential to provide a unique window of access to precapitalist forms of colonial interaction and to augment historical studies of the expansion of the European world-system, as well as its methodological problems and limitations. M. Dietler. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1998-99.

577. Seminar on Current Research Topics: Language and Power. PQ: Consent of instructor. This graduate seminar takes up ways in which language and political power have been conceptualized in current research. We consider language ideologies, literacy, and standardization; ideological sources of language differentiation; and nation building and linguistic difference. S. Gal. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1997-98.

578-1,-2,-3. Classical Nahuatl I, II, III (=LngLin 387-1,-2,-3). Introduction to the spoken language with tapes and transcriptions, grammatical notes and exercises, aural comprehension, and oral practice. N. McQuown. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1998-99.

579-1,-2,-3. Maya Glyphic Writing I, II, III (=LngLin 579-1,-2,-3). Introduction to Maya glyphs with practice in analysis; alphabetic

transcription; and translation into Maya, Spanish, and English. N. McQuown. Not offered 1996-97; will be offered 1999-2000. Go to top of document