Political Science

Concentration Chairman: Ronald Suny, P 419, 702-8932

Undergraduate Secretary: Mimi Walsh, P 401, 702-3040

Program of Study

The academic discipline of political science contributes to a liberal education by introducing College students to concepts, methods, and knowledge that help them understand and judge politics within and among nations. A Bachelor of Arts degree in political science can lead to professional or graduate school in various disciplines or contribute to careers in such fields as government, journalism, politics, education, and law.

Program Requirements

Courses. A concentration in political science requires eleven courses: nine political science courses and two additional social sciences courses from outside of political science. Up to two of the nine political science courses may be selected from the Department of Political Science list of approved extradepartmental courses, available in P 401. Courses on this list may not be used to fulfill the department's distribution requirement. Students are strongly advised to use this opportunity to take two quarters of the Western or non-Western civilization sequence courses on this list.

Course Distribution. The Department of Political Science believes that an undergraduate education in politics should include some familiarity with theoretical approaches to politics, with the politics of one's own country, with the politics of other countries, and with politics among nations. It therefore requires that at least one course be taken in each of three of the following four subfields:

A. Empirical and Normative Political Theory: the history of ancient and modern political philosophy, the history of American political thought, and several varieties of contemporary political theory

B. American Politics and Public Policy: American political institutions, behavior, opinions, development, and public policy

C. Comparative Politics: the politics of particular foreign countries and regions and the comparative study of particular political phenomena such as leadership or state formation

D. International Relations: theoretical approaches to the study of politics among nations, the international relations of particular regions, the foreign policies of particular countries, and such topics as international political economy and military security

The six remaining required political science courses may be distributed among any subfield or subfields.

Summary of Requirements

Concentration 3 political science courses: one each in three of four subfields

4 additional political science courses

(may include up to three independent

study/reading courses, two of which

may be for the B.A. paper)

2 political science or approved extra-departmental courses

2 social sciences courses outside political science

11

Introductory Cluster. The department offers concentrators an introductory cluster of courses designed to provide partial overviews of the subfields and to lay the basis for further choices. Students are encouraged to take one of these courses in each of three of the four subfields early in their concentration, but they are not prerequisites for taking other political science courses. The cluster is not a sequence; courses in it may be taken simultaneously or in any order. The department undertakes to offer at least one of the courses in each subfield each year. The list of cluster courses may be revised from year to year.

Empirical and Normative Political Theory (A):

211. Political Theory and the Enlightenment

238. Platonic Education

American Politics and Public Policy (B):

248. Politics of the U.S. Congress

291. Black Politics

Comparative Politics (C):

250. Comparative Politics of Latin America

293. Empire and Nations: Russia, Soviet Union

International Relations (D):

266. The Origins of Modern War

290. Introduction to International Relations

Papers. Concentrators are required to write both a third-year and a fourth-year paper. Third-year concentrators write a fifteen- to twenty-five-page paper in a political science course of their choice, whether or not such a paper is a normal requirement for that course. Fourth-year concentrators write a thirty- to fifty-page paper under the supervision of a faculty member. (The upper page limits are firm; papers that are too long are returned for revision.) While writing their fourth-year papers, students normally register for two units of Political Science 299. Students should register a preliminary topic and reader by May 10 of their third year. Students are required to submit proposals for their fourth-year papers, approved by their supervisors, by the end of the first quarter of their fourth year. Papers that are not submitted for honors are due at the end of the eighth week of the quarter in which students expect to graduate. NOTE: Merely writing the third- and fourth-year papers is not enough; concentrators must be sure to file with the departmental office approval forms signed by their supervisors.

Independent Study/Reading Courses. Permission of a supervising faculty member and the concentration chairman is required to take Independent Study (Political Science 297). Students may use Political Science 297 for a variety of purposes, such as intensive work on a special topic, field research in or out of residence, or participation in some specially arranged overseas study program. Research projects done under these arrangements must be carefully designed, must be approved by a supervising faculty member, and must result in a substantial, high-quality, academic paper.

NOTE: Concentrators are permitted to count toward the concentration a total of no more than three quarters of Independent Study (Political Science 297) and Fourth-Year Paper (Political Science 299).

Grading. Two of the nine required courses in political science may, with the consent of the instructor, be graded P/N.

Honors. Students with a 3.25 grade point average or better in the concentration may graduate with special honors; there is no required overall grade point average. To be eligible, they must have been recommended for honors by both the supervisor of their fourth-year paper and one other faculty member appointed by the concentration chairman to evaluate the paper. They must therefore submit two copies of their fourth-year paper by the end of the fifth week of the quarter in which they expect to graduate.

Advising. After political science concentrators fill out an information form for the concentration chairman, they are assigned faculty advisers with whom to consult concerning their concentration program. Students should continue to consult their College advisers about their total College program.

Faculty

JOSEPH CROPSEY, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science and the College

MICHAEL DAWSON, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the College; Director, Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture

JAMES FEARON, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

J. MARK HANSEN, Professor, Department of Political Science and the College; Chair, Department of Political Science

GARY HERRIGEL, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

DAVID LAITIN, William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor, Department of Political Science and the College; Director, Center for the Study of Politics, History, and Culture

CHARLES LIPSON, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the College; Director, Program on International Politics, Economics, and Security

JOHN J. MEARSHEIMER, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

NORMAN NIE, Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

JOHN PADGETT, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

GERALD N. ROSENBERG, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

LLOYD I. RUDOLPH, Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

SUSANNE HOEBER RUDOLPH, William Benton Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Political Science and the College; Director, South Asian Language & Area Center

LYNN SANDERS, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

WILLIAM SEWELL, Professor, Departments of Political Science and History and the College

BERNARD S. SILBERMAN, Professor, Department of Political Science, Center for East Asian Studies, and the College

DUNCAN SNIDAL, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, and the College; Director, Program on International Politics, Economics, & Security

FRANK A. SPOSITO, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

SUSAN STOKES, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the College; Director, Chicago Center on Democracy

CASS R. SUNSTEIN, Karl N. Llewellyn Professor, the Law School, Department of Political Science, and the College; Director, Center for the Study of Constitutionalism in Eastern Europe

RONALD SUNY, Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

NATHAN TARCOV, Professor, Department of Political Science, Committee on Social Thought, and the College; Director, John M. Olin Center for Inquiry into the Theory & Practice of Democracy

STEPHEN WALT, Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

LISA WEDEEN, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

DALI YANG, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and the College

Courses

Boldface letters in parentheses refer to the areas noted in the preceding Summary of Requirements section.

211. Political Theory and the Enlightenment. This introduction to the philosophy of the French and German Enlightenment, from roughly 1750 to 1800, deepens our understanding of the meaning of the Enlightenment through an examination of the social and political thought of its secondary figures. We frame the period in terms of the work of its major philosophers, including Kant and Rousseau. However, the main focus is on the numerous "minor" writers that make up the bulk of Enlightenment philosophy, including Diderot, Voltaire, Mendelssohn, d'Alembert, and Reinhold. In the course of our analysis we discuss a variety of questions that continue to press political theory today, such as the relationship of scientific inquiry to democratic practices, and the significance of economic institutions for political life in general. F. Sposito. Spring. (A)

219. International Relations and the Environment (=EnvStd 227, PolSci 219, PubPol 227). Global environmental issues in law and policy are investigated through the lens of the major schools of thought in international relations, as well as classic works in international environmental law and policy. International judicial decisions are used to analyze the negotiation of solutions to cross-cultural environmental dilemmas. Socioeconomic and legal controversies relevant to environmental topics and political issues are debated. M. Scully-Granzeier. Winter.

225. Law and Society (=LL/Soc 281, PolSci 225). PQ: Consent of instructor. This course examines the myriad relationships among courts, laws, and lawyers in the United States. Issues include legal consciousness, the role of rights, access to courts, implementation of decisions, and professionalism. G. Rosenberg. Winter. (B)

226. Secession in Domestic and International Perspective. Understanding secession demands that we seek answers to some of the fundamental questions of politics: state authority and autonomy, the possibility of pluralism, political organization, and the nature and logic of mass movements. In this course we ask: What gives rise to a movement for secession? When does a secessionist movement achieve success and break away from the state? How do states respond to secessionist challenges? How does the role of the international community influence secession? We also consider when secession is illegitimate or justified. The course employs the comparative case study method to provide the empirical background necessary to think about the relevant theoretical issues. E. Giuliano. Winter. (C)

228. Political Theory and American Political Parties. In this course we analyze the applicability of theories of political parties to the performance of American parties in the twentieth century. The three periods we look at are: the "responsible party" theorists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century; the party reform debate of the 1950s and 1960s and its results; and the contemporary debate over party decline and the rise of "personal candidacies." The theoretical writings of these periods are supplemented with contemporary historical case studies. We assess the utility of political scientists' arguments about party goals, party membership, and candidate selection, as well as their normative arguments about the relationship between political parties and democracy. R. Boatright. Spring. (B)

229. Man and Society, from Grotius to the Scottish Enlightenment. An historical and conceptual exploration of modern natural law and social theory, including works by Grotius, Hobbes, Pufendorf, Mandeville, Rousseau, Ferguson, and Adam Smith. Following the modern natural law tradition into the Scottish Enlightenment illuminates the social and economic implications of natural law thinking, particularly the idea of "enlightened self-interest." We discuss the ambivalence of Adam Smith and his Scottish contemporaries about self-interest and about constructing a theory of society upon it. In this light, we address the place of natural law thinking in the development of "modernity." F. Dubin. Spring. (A)

230. Policy Analysis in Education (=Educ 266/366, PolSci 230, PubPol 260/384). This course serves as the analytical foundation for students who are interested in education policy. It introduces various analytical perspectives in study of public policy, with particular emphasis on education. Among the approaches are institutional analysis, the bargaining model, the rational actor paradigm, the organizational bureaucratic model, and the "policy typology" school. K. Wong. Autumn. (B)

232. Political Sociology (=PolSci 232, PubPol 236/336, Sociol 235/335). PQ: One general social sciences course. This course provides analytical perspectives on citizen preference theory, public choice, group theory, bureaucrats and state-centered theory, coalition theory, elite theories, and political culture. These competing analytical perspectives are assessed in considering middle range theories and empirical studies on central themes of political sociology: the social bases of politics, social stratification and political organization, citizen preferences and political activation, voting behavior, social movements and mobilization, voluntary associations and "special interest groups," political parties, elected officials, government policy outputs, including public goods and free rider problems, separable goods and patronage, policy continua, and alternatives to traditional left-right classifications. Local, national, and cross-national analyses are explored. T. Clark. Spring.

235. Public Choice (=Econ 269, PolSci 235, PubPol 258). PQ: Knowledge of microeconomics. This course is an introduction to the literature that seeks to apply the economic notion of rational choice to the context of politics and social choice. Some of the authors covered are Samuelson, Arrow, Schelling, Olson, and Downs. H. Margolis. Winter. (B)

237. The Rise of Democratic Realism, 1920-1960. Are democratic ideas realistic? To what extent are they realized in our society? Who "wins" or "loses" in a democratic political system? What do we mean by "democracy," anyway? In the first half of the twentieth century, social scientists and political theorists began to think of democracy less as an ideal, and more as a matter for empirical study and evaluation. This "realistic" approach set the foundations for contemporary thinking about democracy. This course examines the historical origins of the realist movement, highlights its distinctive methods and tools of analysis, and aims at a critical assessment of its contributions to the study of politics and our understanding of democracy. E. MacGilvray. Spring. (A)

238/338. Socrates. PQ: Consent of instructor. An investigation of Socrates' activity educating (or corrupting) the youth as portrayed in such dialogues as Laches, Charmides, and Alcibiades. N. Tarcov, J. Lear. Winter. (A)

239/386. Presidential Government in America. This course examines the background and development of the executive in America; the personalities, ideas, and leadership styles of selected presidents; and the president's relations with his political and institutional environments, including Congress, the courts, public opinion, interest groups, and party and electoral politics. L. Rudolph. Winter. (B)

240-241. Introduction to Political Science I, II. Must be taken in sequence. This course sequence covers the basic concepts and theories in comparative politics, American politics, international relations, political theory, and political science methods. The course is designed for, but not required of, students who plan to concentrate, or to apply to a graduate program, in political science. D. Laitin. Winter, Spring.

245/359. Gandhi (=Fndmtl 249, PolSci 245/359). Course readings deal with Gandhi's life (including his autobiography), texts that articulate his thought and practice, and critical and interpretative works that assess his meaning and influence. Topics include nonviolent collective action in pursuit of truth and justice, strategy for cooperation and conflict resolution, and alternatives to industrial society and centralized state. L. Rudolph. Autumn. (A)

248. Politics of the U.S. Congress. This course examines Congress from the perspective of the 535 senators and representatives who constitute it. It examines congressional elections, legislators' relationships with their constituents, lawmakers' dealings in and with committees, and representatives' give-and-take with congressional leadership, the executive, and pressure groups. M. Hansen. Winter. (B)

249. Problems of Policy Implementation (=PolSci 249, PubPol 223). This course is a systematic examination of the interplay among the executive, the administrator, the legislator, and the public as these relationships affect policy and its undertaking. The emphasis is on the politics of administration, as well as those political forces that organize around the implementer of public policies. Staff. Autumn. (B)

250/351. Comparative Politics of Latin America. This course introduces major theories of Latin American political and social change, and the political systems of three countries. We focus on the determinants and dynamics of regime change in Latin America. Why do some democracies succumb to military takeover? And why in the past fifteen years did most military governments in Latin America fall? Do regimes fall under economic stress? If popular movements play a role in ousting dictatorships, are they driven by economic demands or do they value democracy as an end in itself? What is the quality of the democracies that have succeeded Latin American dictatorships? We first read general studies of modernization and political change and then focus on these issues as they worked themselves out in Chile, Mexico, and Nicaragua. S. Stokes. Autumn. (C)

253/363. State, Society, and Economy in South Asia. This is an introductory course designed to familiarize students with the institutional structures of the Indian state, political processes, and the social and economic forces that shape and are shaped by the state and politics. There is special emphasis on the way in which state and polity have provided an arena for contests about the nature and role of caste, class and religion, and urban/rural differences. S. Rudolph. Winter. (C)

254/354. Essentials of International History for the Study of International Relations. This course deals with major aspects of international history since the mid-seventeenth century, particularly the origins and resolutions of major wars and the development of close economic ties among states. The purpose is to give students of international relations a fundamental background in interstate diplomatic relations and the key domestic factors that affect foreign policy. The focus is on relationships among the Great Powers of Europe, the major wars among them, the development of imperialism, the extensive development of trading relationships, the rise and decline of the Cold War, and the evolution of post-Cold War relationships. C. Lipson. Autumn. (D)

256. Urban Policy Analysis (=PolSci 256, PubPol 248/348, Sociol 256/329). This course addresses the explanations available for varying patterns of policies that cities provide in terms of expenditures and service delivery. Topics include theoretical approaches and policy options, migration as a policy option, group theory, citizen preference theory, incrementalism, economic base influences, and an integrated model. Also examined are the New York fiscal crisis and taxpayer revolts, measuring citizen preferences, service delivery, and productivity. T. Clark. Autumn. (B)

258. Losers. This is a course that reads and analyzes some of the texts of nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers who wrote on social, political, and economic problems and were important in their own time and who have had significant influence on their successors but are not included in the "canon." Some of the writers we examine are DeMaistre, LaSalle, Frederick Douglas, Sidgewick, Spencer, William James, Sorel, and Hannah Arendt. B. Silberman. Winter. (C)

259/356. Japanese Politics. This course is a survey of the major aspects of Japanese politics: party politics, bureaucracy, the diet, and political behavior in post-World War II Japan. B. Silberman. Autumn. (C)

263/393. Comparative Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. This course examines major theoretical concerns in comparative politics using cases from the Middle East. It investigates the relationships between political and economic change in the processes of state-building, economic development, and national integration. We compare the experience of early and late developing countries, which provides a broad historical overview of market formation and state-building in Europe and covers the legacies of the Ottoman empire, European colonialism, and the Mandate period in the Middle East. We then explore topics such as the failure of constitutional regimes and the role of the military, class formation and inequality, the conflict between Pan-Arabism and state-centered nationalisms, the role of political parties, revolutionary and Islamicist movements, labor migration and remittances, and political and economic liberalization in the 1990s. L. Wedeen. Spring. (C)

266/362. The Origins of Modern War. This course examines several popular explanations of war. We test these competing theories by exploring some of the major conflicts of the twentieth century: World War I, World War II, the cold war, the Indochina War, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. We also consider the impact of nuclear weapons, the prospects for future great-power wars, and the different ways that war might be prevented. S. Walt. Autumn. (D)

270. Nationalism and International Conflict. This course examines the diverse relationships between nationalism and interstate conflict. In the first half we consider the existing literature on theories of war. In the second half we ask how well these theories make sense of nationalism's role in current and past interstate disputes. The empirical focus is on conflicts in Yugoslavia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Theories of the origins and nature of nationalism are also introduced. J. Fearon. Spring. (D)

271. Great Power Politics in the Post-Cold War World. The specific aim of this course is to introduce students to key policy issues involving the great powers that dominate the post-cold war world. Three topics receive special emphasis: European security, Asian security, and the role of the United States in the larger world after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Students should be well-versed in international relations theory, and bring their theoretical insights to bear on the relevant policy issues. The broad goal is to encourage students to appreciate that international relations theory and important policy issues are inextricably linked. J. Mearsheimer. Spring. (D)

272. Utilitarianism, Idealism, and Socialism. This course examines some of the most fascinating developments in nineteenth-century English political and philosophical theory. Close readings of key texts by such outstanding figures as John Stuart Mill, T. H. Green, and William Morris serve not only to place these figures in their historical context, but also to bring out the tensions inherent in the growth of modern liberalism and the struggle to achieve a more fully democratic society. R. Schultz. Winter. (A)

273. Philosophy of Social Science. This course provides an introduction to some of the most fundamental debates concerning the nature of social scientific explanation and its relationship to normative claims about the good or just society. Key issues include the nature of political power, the viability of radical, deliberative democracy, the manufacture of consent, the ideology of work, and the social responsibility of social scientists to engage in critical opposition to prevailing political ideology. R. Schultz. Spring. (A)

274. Politics and Industry in Advanced Industrial States in the Twentieth Century: Europe, the United States, and Japan. This course surveys the experience of industrial development in the three major developed regions of the world in the twentieth century. Key themes are: struggles over the control of the corporation (separation of management and ownership, codetermination, and stakeholder capitalism), differences in corporate structure (Konzern and multidivisional company, and Zaibatzu/Keiretzu), role of small and medium size firms in the economy, the development of industrial relations systems, industrial policy, and welfare state institutions. G. Herrigel. Winter. (C)

275/375. Organizational Decision Making (=PolSci 275/375, PubPol 335, Sociol 350). This course is an examination of the process of decision making in modern complex organizations such as universities, schools, hospitals, business firms, and public bureaucracies. The course also considers the impact of information, power, resources, organizational structure, and the environment, as well as alternative models of choice and other implications. J. Padgett. Autumn. (B)

277. John Dewey and the Problems of Democracy. This course provides a general introduction to the political thought of John Dewey, one of the most important and controversial philosophers of the twentieth century. The chief aim is to determine, through an in-depth reading of such works as The Public and Its Problems, the degree to which Dewey advocated a genuinely radical form of participatory democracy. But the examination of Dewey also involves an engagement with the most significant recent interpretations of his thought, particularly those by Richard Rorty, Alan Ryan, and Robert Westbrook, and brings out the current relevance of his conception of democracy. R. Schultz. Autumn. (A)

278/384. Chinese Politics and Political Economy. This course offers a historical and thematic survey to Chinese politics in the twentieth century. Particular attention is given to the formation of the party-state, the imposition of central planning, the Great Leap forward, the Cultural Revolution, reform and liberalization, and China's role in the world in the post-cold war era. The discussion is framed in terms that allow comparison with other countries. D. Yang. Spring. (C)

282. Politics and Policy (=PolSci 282, PubPol 221). PQ: PubPol 221-222-223 may be taken in sequence or individually. Public policy choices interact with politics in obvious ways (for example, elections) but also in subtler ways, turning especially on how organizations work and what governs persuasion and belief. This course surveys some key aspects of these interactions. H. Margolis. Spring. (B)

285. Environmental Politics (=EnvStd 228, PolSci 285, PubPol 228). This course considers environmental law and public policy in the United States. Topics include social, political, and economic issues pertaining to energy, pollution, toxic wastes, biodiversity, climate change, and ozone depletion. Major public controversies are analyzed in the context of values and public opinion, competing approaches to regulation, environmental racism and justice, grassroots environmental movements, environmental ethics, national security, and the goal of sustainability. M. Scully-Granzeier. Spring.

286-287. Field Research Project in Public Policy I, II (=PolSci 286-287, PubPol 262-263/390-391). PQ: Open to non-public policy studies concentrators with consent of instructor; students must register for both quarters. Students work on a research team to prepare a report on an important public policy problem for a governmental agency, large public-interest group, or community-based organization; this project includes development and implementation of a research strategy designed to answer the policy questions. The objective is preparation of a publishable report. Staff. Winter, Spring. (B)

289/399. Strategy. This course examines some of the principal questions of military strategy in the post-cold war world. Special attention is paid to topics, such as nuclear proliferation, the war in the Balkans, the Gulf War, American military policy after the cold war, and great power intervention in the Third World. J. Mearsheimer. Winter. (D)

290/398. Introduction to International Relations. This course surveys modern approaches to international relations. The first several weeks are devoted to national security issues and the general problem of war. With that background, we consider U.S. foreign policy during the cold war and afterwards, exploring America's impact on the global order. The last part of the course deals with political aspects of the world economy, such as international disputes over trade, debt, and multinational corporations, as well as international environmental issues. Among the topics are nuclear strategy, the cold war, international commerce, and the difficulties of achieving international cooperation. C. Lipson. Autumn. (D)

291. Black Politics. This course focuses on how the continuing struggle for black empowerment has helped shape both the current American political environment, as well as the social and economic conditions of the black community. We show how the study of race relations, psychology, economics, and sociology can inform our understanding of the critical importance of black politics to American politics. After considering such topics as the politics of the civil rights and Black Power eras, fiscal retrenchment, and blacks and governmental institutions, this course ends by considering whether a "new black politics" has emerged and by evaluating the impact of the nation's move toward the political Right on African-American politics. M. Dawson. Autumn. (B)

293/490. Empire and Nations: Russia and the Soviet Union. This course, based on a weekly lecture and discussion of common readings, looks at the ways the tsarist and Soviet empires were constructed and maintained, the ideologies and discourses of empire employed, and the processes by which national communities were formed. The collapse of the tsarist empire and Soviet Union are discussed, as well as specific case studies of nationalities within the empires. Readings include empirical studies, as well as theoretical works on nation formation, nationalism, and imperialism. R. Suny. Autumn. (C)

294/374. International Relations: Perspectives on Conflict and Cooperation (=PolSci 294/374, SocSci 204). PQ: Class limited to sixty students; preference given to students of third- or fourth-year standing. This course examines a number of competing approaches to the study of conflict and cooperation in the international system. Lectures by University faculty introduce key analytic concepts from several intellectual traditions (such as realism, liberalism, cultural theory, modernization theory, and social constructivism) and discuss their ability to explain war, alliances, revolutions, nationalism, cooperation, ethnic conflict, and other important international phenomena. C. Lipson. Autumn. (D)

295. International Relations: Cultures, Societies, and Globalization (=Anthro 236/316, PolSci 295, SocSci 205). PQ: Class limited to sixty students; preference given to students of third- or fourth-year standing. PolSci 294 strongly recommended. This course brings together interested faculty and students to explore alternative research strategies for investigating conflict and cooperation. In contrast to a state-centered approach, this course emphasizes transnational and subnational processes, including issues of boundary designation, identity formation, nationalism, the role of communications, and the future of the interstate system. S. Randolph. Winter. (D)

297. Independent Study/Reading Course. PQ: Consent of faculty supervisor and concentration chairman. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Available for either Pass or letter grading. Staff. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

299. Fourth-Year Paper. PQ: Consent of instructor and concentration chairman; may be taken for one or two quarters. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Normally taken for a letter grade. Staff. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

312. Political Philosophy: Hegel (=Fndmtl 226, LL/Soc 292, PolSci 312). PQ: Consent of instructor. The text for the quarter is Hegel's Philosophy of Right. J. Cropsey. Winter.